Id question ios legalisation os canep ed daydeyer altern droghs, au iomsmee psychoactive substancen, skeipt un recurrent debat in mult societats. Tod emt lakin un wehrtmen nett-ye ryowkhower ne tik dia id exterpenalisation ios consumm tom substancen, sontern diaschi id mer legalisation iren production ed consumm. Also, sammel quem voteer pro Donald Trump ka President, un certaino numer em US civs wohkweer yaschi pro au contra id legalisation os canep, ed majoritar-ye pro. Nundiens hant 33 US Stats ex 50 legaliset id medical consumm os canep. Canada, sub id aegid siens Premier Minister Justin Trudeau, quos eet oin campagne promiss, hatschi legalisen id.
Quayque id werdo de id legalisation iom psychoactive substancen buit naiw iskwto tem acut-ye tienxia, id debato de tod question leloip kwehndt un clartatsmank due shayad sien economic, politic ed moral implications.
Definitions[]
In un presto tid, dehbhti bihe definiht un certaino numer om lexis qua sonti nudta nundiens eni id quader iom addictions.
Quantenprest, id notion om "psychoactive substances" (wa PAS) kyeusti substances qua age ep id kers :
- modifiend-ye id mental activitat, ia senstations, id sulouk, quo maght expones i nudtors tom substancen ad riska ed dangers contra sieune, samt social consequences in id cadadien, ed eventual-ye dribhes un dependence;
- seuwnd somatic effects (ep id corpos) unios megil diversitat sekwent ir suedsa, effects, ed vierdnickweit.
Id werd addiction est un anglicisant lexis, os latin origin, quod consistti sekwent roman ieus "dahe sien corpos ka gheigtel kay sarce uno nepayghto dulg"; estghi un forme os sclaverie quer el madyoun dohlg payghe sien dulg med orbat.
Nundiens, addiction biht kwiten med id repetihn impossibilitat ab el individu controle elso sulouk speit idsa deleteri consequences (psychologic paytten ed physiologic troubles). Tod lexis ghehldt sammel pro psychoactive substances (tabak, alcohol, psychotrope pharmacs, illicit droghs) betschi pro sem sulouks (kumars, jwetengs, videoleiks, etc...)
"Dependence" kyeust id supodehsa ei neud os un psychoactive substance, quos suppression induct un psychic, hatta physic malaise, dwinghend al subjecti kjiengowihes els consumm. Biht enderkwitto traditional-ye inter physic ed psychic dependences :
- Physic dependence est id stand pro-yod id neud ios drogh est naudhen kay mantines normal psychologic bungsa. Est indiscussible pro certain droghs : opiats ed alcohol. Ye id waurmen uns desaddiction, perturbations os physiopathologic aurdhen prehpe unte ia hors qua sehkwnt id stop iom consumms : gvols, anxietat, irritabilitat, hatta aggressivitato dia i nityens. Ta bihnt joinen ab alya neurovegetative manifestations (ex: mydriasis, uperpieusa, swoidens, tremblens, aunswehpia);
- Psychic dependence consist id wehnos os iter eme droghs quod vaht mantines id iskwn psychoactive effectsnivell we minces angst. Vasya ghi PASa procure un psychic dependence (ye divers degrees) kam sem euphorisant effects, un excitation os imagination au sakwneihnd au dysleptic effects. Ta-on repteihskwt el consummer.
Kers positronen emission tomographia skwiters qua compare kersmetabolisme bi un saun individu (levi) ed bi un individu samt cocaine addiction (dexi)
Neurobiologia iom addictions[]
Suloukaddictions manifestent-se med un controlleus iom natural mecanismen om sok po plaisure ed payttenvergeihsa, ed med un bewaldhenleus iom positive ed negative emotions.
In productenaddictions, ia droghs gwehme ad se aschladise ep ia vias kye plaisure. Sonti druva "pharmacologic dehlwrnts", qua eme id place iom natural neurotransmitters. Smosghi kwohrn kay bihe addict. Ia droghs interfernt con ta addictionsmecanismes. Diutos est bohnden id installation os addiction, bil nudtor om psychoactive substances, ad quo dehbhti bihe kalt id "mizdios systeme", yaschi kalt, ud uno neurobiologic vidpoint, id kerscircuit mizdios : hypothalamus ed id tegmental ventral area (area tegmentalis ventralis). Api, tod tegmental area est oino iom magnen surcen os dopamine (un kersneurotransmitter). Ed vasya psychoactive products qua sleurnt addiction bil menscem kam amphetamine ed cocaine, betschi morphine, heroyine, nicotine ed alcohol, auge id leuren tos dopamine in id nucleus accumbens. Quanta ghi stimule tosmed id mizdios circuit.
Nu-acti dopamine un central rol in id mesocorticolimbic systeme (wa "mizdios systeme"), ar id est id cleich-neurotransmitter tos systeme. Mathalan, ia natural mizda (pitu, scharab, sexual activitat) stimule id secretion os dopamine ab ia neurons ios area tegmentalis ventralis in id nucleus accumbens. Tod stimulation dreibht un cortmeiwrnt walses sensation.
Id probleme est od, in id fall os addiction, biht prispohcen un teurben ios mizdios systeme, samt un abnormal ed repetihn activation ios mizdios systeme med id chronic absorption droghen : to biht uperwohrten med un hyperdopaminergia os prolonget duren (plur minutes), kweter direct augend-ye id leuren os dopamine au per inhibition (cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamine), au indirect per inhibition iom inhibitor neurons (alcohol, opiats). Id probleme est od est neid viswehden phenomen kam pro natural mizda : idghi numer ed id functionalitat iom dopaminergic receptors ios mizdios systeme auge in reaction face tod repetiht uperstimulation, quo induct retro sem structural changes iom neurons ye id nivell ios mizdios systeme.
Maken (oraryo *méH2kô/mH2knés) eet shayad employt in-kap pro sien ol biht-yod suwt ex idsa semens maghent-ya bihe kathalika consummen. Id ol ghehdt bihe nuden bo khassiat-ye ed industrial-ye. Lakin, gnohsa od ids neud ka gvolgven, quer opium ghohd bihe suwt ex ids nezrehl capsules, maght yaschi ses destull veut. Id forme os wild maken quod preceddt id domestic forme est Papaver setigerum (photo), un plante daydey begrancen ei West Mediomar.
Ia determinants iom addictions[]
Ia determinants iom addictions sont kalt factors os vulnerabilitat : agent in synergia kay suwes id addiction. Biht tolcto de biopsychosocial determinisme iom addictions. Individus ghi sont inegal face id addictionsrisk. Kay simplifie, maght bihe sayct od addiction est id product om interactions inter un Product (id addictiongehn potential tos product), un Individu (els addictivitat, yani id summ iom vulnerabilitatsfactors es ielg individu dia addiction) ed un Ambient (id menghia iom factors exter el individu qua bestehme elso sibia dia addiction) : A = P x I x E.
Ia psychologic factors[]
Addiction lyehct inter impulsion (wa rhayr-imkan os intizare) ed compulsion (wa id fact os age aun memehnus), chunke el individu eiskwt id plaisure bohndt ibs effects ios product (impulsion) ed hat un urgent naudh os rehme muschkil emotions (compulsion), besonters in fall os prolonget consumm au mank. In tod sense, addiction est angh-ye bohnden ei personalitat es cada individu, personalitat esend definiht ka quo est nisbatan permanent ed stable in id dynamique ios organisation uns person, kam id conjunction ios temperament (ios biologic base os personalitat) ed ios pinseing (ios acquisiht ed conscient varsa os personalitat). Psychologia permitti tun, classifiend-ye ia different personalitats, presayge id addictivitat al subject, yani els meis au minter plaut vulnerabilitato dia addiction.
Bihnt it her classic-ye enderkwitto dwo types om personalitatsmodels : ia dimensional models (wa conjunctural in id sense od kneigvent men ep changil personalitatstraits) ed ia structural models (qua de kneigvent ep ia mins-ye changil organisations ios personalitat.
In ia dimensional models, sont trohfta dwo personalitatstypes beuwtil vulnerable dia addiction :
- Ia personalitats sensible dia ia effects ios product, kweitend med :
- id sok po sensations (dimension ios personalitat sekwent-yod un subject est meis au minter lasni de akster sensations),
- id muzlim vergeihsa ud danger (el subject ne vergeihskwti danger, sontern hatta eiskwt id)
- id sok po novtats (el subject gigwivskwt nov experiences)
- Ia personalitats sensible dia ia seutend effects ios product, kweitend med :
- uno muzlim swovehrten
- excessive emotional reactions
- relational difficultats
In ia structural models, bihnt enderkwitta tri personalitatstypes, qua bihnt ops assocyen ibs addictions :
- Ia sociopath au psychopath personalitats, retrohven in 30% iom addictionsfalls, ed qua kweite med :
- un akster impulsivitat : sehnken iom intizarimkans;
- un intolerance dia frustrations;
- un instabilitat, samt un permanent wan os change
- riska os dessocialisation
- Dependent personalitats, kweitend med :
- uno mank os jischin;
- id impossibilitat os karrare aun id mayn altern;
- id difficultat os tehle khalwa;
- id permanent sok po altern stehmen
- Narkisiste personalitats, kweitend med :
- id alt sense irs wi importance;
- id excessive wan os bihe admiret;
- gururic au arrogant attitudes, qua kehle in druve uno miero fragilitat
Pink Floyd The Wall (VOSTfr) - 21 - Comfortably Numb-0
Ia psychopathologic factors[]
Un comorbiditat (association om dwo au plur siuges) biht observet baygh frequent-ye inter addictions ed certaina mental troubles. Dwo gjashels sont possible :
- Auter ia mental troubles sont primar, yani prever quem id adgumt ios addiction : "ilajti" sien psychologic paytten med alcohol au drogh.
- We ia mental troubles sont secundar ed kwehkent kam ia consequences iom pharmacologic, psychic, somatic effects ios chronic emsa om alcohol au droghs.
Bihnt enderkwit :
- id depression : depressive symptomes sont frequent bim subjects in addictionslyohga. In 80% iom falls, ia depressions sont secundar binisbat id addiction ed disprehpe sei id desaddiction biht mantint unte quar hevds. Sam-ye, sem depressive siuges kam bipolaro trouble (yani id succession om depressive stands ed maniac excitation bi un sam subject) favorise id ubgumt om addictions;
- anxietat : biht observen un important comorbiditat inter anxietat ed addictions, samt daydey un anxietat secundar ei giungdok, auter bohnden ei desaddiction, we bohnden ei angstgehn effect iom droghs ye alta doses;
- dwo anxieusa siuges sont vulnerabilitatsfactors iom addictions ed sonti daydey prever quem id substancen emsa : id panic trouble, yani id repetition om crises os acut angst bi un sam subject; ed ia social phobias, yani id beangstend baysa de contacto con alters. In ta dwo falls, id emsa substancen est prokwem swomedication ed est bohnden ibs anxiolytic effects ye ghem doses om products kam alcohol, canep au heroyine.
Ia general cultural factors[]
Id culture land-ons au social-ons grupp ghehdt skipes sem factor os addictionsrisk. Also, mathalan, id cultural incitation do alcoholconsumm est meg akster in France. Alcohol ghi est un factor os culture ob id maung accompagnet dapans (wehdens, festa...). Sam-ye, bim yuwencs, hevdend grupplitus (binge-drinking) skeipe un important cultural pressem. Dayir canep, id incitation do ids consumm refert ad gruppspressem ed ei influence im "pars" bim terwns : est angh-ye bohnden, bilhassa ye tod oumer, ei dayi os social transgression.
Id awo Nordic canep quod i Oraryi ed ir niebers eenenudeer pon -5000 ne mathmounit id narcotic THC. Buit arguet od id additional narcotic neud os canep est nisbatan sert, appareihnd bad unte id prest millennium pre JC.
Ia socio-economic factors[]
Wawod ia social inegalitats sont angh-ye correlen ibs sanitatsinegalitats, ia socio-economic factors age un important rol pro id ubgumt iom addictions. Mathalan, id map os alcoholic morbiditat-merto (yani sammel alcoholisme ed ia siuges bohndt ad alcohol) superpont-se tei ios socio-economic nivells iom regions : ye ghemer id socio-economic nivell, ye hoger id alcoholconsumm.
Ia ambiental-familial factors[]
Id familial ambient skeipt un vulnerabilitatsurce dayir id excessive consumm om alcohol, canep, heroyine. To maght ses due affective carences unte miegve, precoce separations ex id familial milieu, parental educative carences, auti traumas unte miegve (sexual abuses, parental violences, alcoholisme oiters au em bo parents...)
Id "addictiongehn" potential iom products[]
Oino iom riskfactors ios addiction est id imkan uns product (au os un sulouk) os dribhes un addiction quando biht consummet repetitive-ye : est id "addictiongehn potential" ios product. Tod potential est bohnden ei pharmacologic buhsa ios substance, ed idsi imkan os dughes systemes om kersneurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonine, endomorphines), qua gehne addictions. Also, sei id addictiongehn potential est alt (heroyine, mathalan) ed sei ia riskfactors sont kathire, id ubgumt os addiction sessiet oku. Invers-ye, sei id addictiongehn potential ios product est muzlim-ye au mutawassit-ye alt (alcohol, canep, tabak), id addiction ubgwehmsiet bad in fall os massive, cadadien addiction, ed sei ia individual riskfactors sont alt.