Afghanistan

Afghanistan

Afghanistan, official-ye Islami Amirat Afghanistan est un aunkhayghian land inter id Hindi Subcontinent ed Central Asia. Hat un population inter 40 ed 50 millions leuden. Est lizdt ab Pakistan sudi ed eusti, Iran westi, Turkmenistan, Usbeckistan ed Togickistan nordi; ed China dalger nordeusti. Idso territorium covehrt 652 000 km², id beuwend id tienxia 41st plautst land.

Id wahid citad samt meis quem oino million weikern est ids nagor, Kabul. Pashtan ed Dari sont ia official bahsas Afghanistans; bilinguisme est commun. Id official rawaj est id Afghani.

"Id cemtier iom empires"

Afghanistan hat est un walu pro i Sovietskens ed US-Americans ye id XXt secule, pos esus oin pro id Tsaren Russia ed id Britisch Empire iom Indias ye id XIXt secule, pro Pars ed id Hindi Murhoul Empire ye id XVIIt secule. Bi tod sabab, Afghanistan remant divis do dwo meger ensembles : hois, i pashtans in id centre ed in id sud wohrten kye Sud Asia, ciois, un heterogener part in id nord ed id eust alliend i Togicks, Usbecks ed Hazaras prokwer i Tyrks au i Iranis. Pon id recuper siens independence in 1919, id land tetinit angh diemmens con Moskva quod schowbeyit ed trainirit id national armee. Ta diemmens buir etikardwnen kun Pakistan signit pos Mund Weir Dwo un pact os militar assistence con ia Uniet Stats os America : Afghanistan tun piw id wehlpen os recuper ia importanta territoria lusen ye id brungos ios Empire iom Indias ed qua Pakistan hieb heritet. In December 1979, i Sovietski invas Afghanistan quos nordpart i ja iey kam id caudghehrd irs Imperium : id afghan communiste regime instauret ab un coup-d'etat in 1978 eet rhayr kabil de face id guerilla stohmt ab i Iranis. Moskva volit contre iens afghan islamistens ed mantines sakwnia in Central Asia menschi sib swekwehre naftressurces ios iklime menxu id revolution in Iran hieb suwen un dwoter energia crise.

Aunstohmen ab id International Communitat, id sovietsk interventiono mobilisit in 1984 takriban 250 000 soldats ed id meuken om antipersonel mines. Yed, id khiek stambhes ibs mujihads ios islami askar os leuren controle jaldi 80% ios territorium, ploisko ia magn urbs. Ab 1986, ia Uniet Stats bihohlp iens mujihads ed leusihr i Sovietskens id air control. Kun ibs buit dwight ende un costeus ed impopular weir, ia sovietska trupps oisgwohm ex Afghanistan in Februar 1989. Pos meis quem tri yars civil weir, id regime os President Muhammad Najibullah fiell ed id land bihsit lyt ed lyt lambhen ab iens talibans nespekent id persistent opposition iom trupps os Ahmad Schah Massoud.

Id asimat iom sovietsken trupps likw id land in un stand os civil weir inter islami fundamentalistens ed moderats. Ies Mujihads occupier ia rurs ed pris Kabul, dreibhend id pehd ios amtirend gouvernement in 1992, kay cree un Islami Jumhuriat. Bet id civil weir muss tun de ethnic tensions inter Togicks in id nord ed Pashtans in id sud. Ab 1994, prohp yaschi ies Talibans, sunni movment ed majoritar-ye pashtan, ultrafundamentaliste, quoy ghod jaldi controle id sud in 1998, ed quasi alnos id land in 2000. Ies impos ter id scharia dank id stehmen ios population eiskwnd stabilitat. Pos ia 11 September attentats, Bush kup ke ies Talibans ei prodahr Bin Laden ed iom Mollah Omar, quo refuseer ed buit tun lancet un international intervention, operation Enduring Freedom dien 7 October 2001 con id stehmen ios nord ios land ed Pakistan. Sei tod ne kamyieb kape Bin Laden ni iom Mollah Omar, ies Talibans ieg retro ed id land buit placen sub id direction ios Pashtan Hamid Karzay, con un International Securitat Assistence Force (ISAF), sub UNO mandat, tem quem con ia US forces maimour med stabilise id land.

Nespekent politic perodhias (Constitution ed elections in 2004), violence ed insecuriat regneer dar, favorisend id production os opium ed corruption, bet kathalika iens Talibans quoy tyic un rekrig ios landios dank ir denunciation ios systeme ed ia misgvalts ios international force.

Afghanistan ghi esti submitten ei ultra-fundamentaliste regime iom talibans pon Augusto 2021. In tod land bayna tienxia corruptsta, id population esti semper confronten ibs violences, taxirs om jlampohn ed pitu, tem quem endemic beghsorbatia ed paupertat.

Samt sien turbulent pashtan teutareas ed sien importanta madenn ressurces, Afghanistan hat un strategic ahammiyat pro siena niebers. Ta wakhe uper ira respective interesses ed hant ghyant un dialogos con iens talibans. Iran, quos presence bihti stets pregnanter in West Afghanistan, hieb zastaut protie ti ultraorthodox sunnis persecutend i schiyis. Kay conserve un fragmenten Afghanistan ed oistembhes ia constructions om wedgatyes, Tehran ibs diedw un logistic sprijin. Wakhend apter se, i de Russians ed Tyrks hant-se engagen do un prudent collaboration. I Chineses biht negeirim in id hol iklime tetyiceer pon 2007 immense investions - gasoducten construction, infrastructures iom nov "silkitnern", madenn extractions.