America (SPT : [amErika]) est id continental hol quod, strehcend ex id arctic zone do ia limites os Antarctid, separet ia dwo oceanaykwsa, Atlantic ed Pacific. Med 42 millions km², est tienxia dwot plautst continent pos Asia. Id weike meis quem oino milliard menscen (2020).
Quayque befolkneut pon meis quem 20 000 yars, America hat remanen negnohnt ab ia eurasiata civilisations tiel id end ios XVt secule. Is genuano navigator Cristoforo Colombo, prest qui lans tetro in 1492, credeiht eti is hat nact Asia; itak is kyeust i walskens ka Indians, yani "Hindis". Dec yars serter, fanzowend engwn ia causts os nundiens Argentina, is Florentin Amerigo Vespucci siet hypothese uno negnoht continent. In eys honor, in 1507, is geograph Martin Waldseemüller namsiet, ep id mundmap is riss, Universalis Cosmographia in Saint-Dié in Lothringia, ta nov lands America.
Kaute od id map heruper in espaniol deike fals-ye od ia Falkland (esp. "Malvinas"), Sud Georgia ed Sud Sandwich insules bayghe Argentina menxu dik-ye sont ultramar territoria ios Uniet Roydem. Eti, Mont Logan in id nordwest os Canada prokwem Alaska hat gwupen sien ornamo menxu tod ios prever Premier Pierre Elliott Trudeau est nun bohrt ab un ghemer ghyor in id sud-eust ios province Britisch Columbia, prokwem ids grance con Alberta.
Id Aconcagua est un ghyor stahnd in id west os Argentina, in id cordillera iom Andes. Med 6960,8 meters, est id hogst pic ios sud hemisphere edghi os America.
Geographia[]
Id structure ios American continent est baygh particular : dwo subcontinents os quasi-egal plieute, Nord America ed Sud America, sont yuct med un barzakh quod, in sien anghst part (in Panama), ne udweurt 50 kilometers.
Id hypothese uns ordehken os Sud America protiev id African caust, ye id latitude ios gulf os Guinea, suggestit in 1915 ei deutschi geolog A.Wegener id theoria ios continental drift, sul ios moderne plackentectonique. Tod lent westworto progression, quod hat creen id Atlantic Ocean, expliet id existence uns quasi aunstop gabehrg nordtos sudtro engwn ia causts os Pacific. Tod geologic historia hat inducen id morphologia ios double continent, vast aykwsa om plains ed plateaus ab id atlantic caust ed hoga ghyors westi (id cordillera iom Andes ed ia Rockic Montans).
Id American continent, ob sien latitudinal strehcen, ananct id hol assortiment om Terras climats, ex ia subpolar formes wi ei Canadian Dalgnord do id equaltorialo climat ios amazonic orlays. Id presence iom gabehrgs, obstacle ei mildernd influence ios Pacific Ocean, lakin predomineiht, ye ia media latitudes, id continentalo climat, con idsa sriga ghims ed ids warm lients, in Nord America. Ep id westcaust, un angh strei, in California kam in Chile, brunct un climat prokwem ia mediomar forms os Europe. Central America ed ids insules, inter bo subcontinents, gnohnt un tropicalo climat.
Ta conditions om relief ed climat arehgeihnt America dwo om tienxia longst boengis, id Mississippi-Missouri in Nord America (6275 km) ed id Amazonas (6700 km) in Sud America. Tibs addeihnt-se, eni id nordamerican continent, id hol iom Grand Lacs, product ios tahsa iom quarternar glehdjers, quod skeipt tienxia plautst preswedaykwos.
Id fluv Amazonas (her in id sudst bors os Colombia) est con id Nil in Africa oin om tienxia longsta sreumens. Hat meis quem mil prityohcs ed tienxia plautst boengi, samt meis quem 7 millions km²; it skeipt oin penkdel wiswen dehnwen.
Id befolken[]
Id plainenaykwos ed id varietat iom climats eent ryowkhowa dia menscenpagen. Ex Asia, Paleolithic populations hant penetret Nord America tehrnd-ye ia glehdjbenks ios Bering Strett unte id senst quarternar glehdjtid, ab - 50 000. Hant lent-ye swarmen tiel id bors os Sud America, bet id climat warmen ed id tahsa iom glehdjen hant isolen America pos - 15 000. Ta orpopulations, ops kalt "Indians", sont nundiens baygh minoritar in Nord America (5% in Canada, 1% in ia Uniet Stats os America), bet sont dar meg present in Sud America (55% in Bolivia, 45% in Peru).
Idghi American continent hat biht, pos sien aunstehgen ab i Europays, un immigrationsland quod senters hant befolct. Also, inter 1800 ed 1913, 40 millions Europayen hant mutavatanen do id "Nov Mund". Tim tehrbent bihe addihn id deforce migration, ex id XVIIt do id XIXt secules, om inter 13 & 14 millions persclawten Africanen aydokwen, ed un non-neglectible brinegh Asiaten, Chinesen au Japanesen, pos 1840.
Nundiens America est id product uns recentios demographic historia aun sibia con sien pierno prev.
Athtecah xiongbu dwicap serpent ex piruz. I Athtecahs (qui se niem in ir wi nuahatl bahsa mehschika, quo hat daht id namo "Mexico") buir un centramerican folko quod sul Mexico-Tenochtitlan quod bihsit id nagor uns empire tiel in-kap id XVIt secule, kun buit pernicen ab iens Espaniols.
Precolombian America[]
Grand walska civilisations, aun cada relation con id reste ios mund, mwanieneer ep id continent pre ids aunstehgen ab i Europays. In Centramerica, i Mayas (ex id IIIt secule pre JC tiel id IXt secule pos JC) precedde id athtecah empire quod destruxeer i Espaniols. In id cordillera iom Andes, id empire im Incas hat unifiet id iklime ed jamiyet inter 10 ed 14 millions weikern.
Machu Picchu (ex id quechua macho pikchu = "vetus ghyor") est id muassir nam daht ad un inca llaqta (yani aw andin weik) strugen pre id XVt secule ep un rockic promontur in Sud Peru ye 2490 m. hoge.
Keihnd ep mays agriculture ed ne gnohnd sider metallurgia ni kwekwl, ta precolombian civilisations oistauneihnt ob id extense iren gnohsas in mathematique ed astronomia. Hant edifiet muhim monuments bayna qua ia stieupenpyramides ed oistruct immense urbs, besonters Mexico. Hant inventen complexe systemes om scriben ed hissab. Ir dyinsta hant punor provoquen id horror im Europays yant id XVIt secule. Id destull spohrn soldyin eet hamrahn ab multens divtats naudhend menscen sacrifices, tiel inter 3000 ed 4000 pro yar bim Athtecahs, quighi eeduce aunstop weirs kay sib udkape dapermenscens pro Mexicos pyramides.
Cristoforo Colombo (negnohno gnahsatarikhe in Genua, nundiens Italia; mohr in Valladolid, Espania in 1506) eet uno navigator qui bihsit gouverneur-general iom West Indias servicend id Cron os Castilla. Est maschour ob aunstehgus America dien 12 October 1492 (pineg levi), kun is liend ep id insule Guanahani, nundiens part iom Bahamas.
Id colonial krig ab i Europays[]
Yant aunstohct ab Cristoforo Colombo, id American continent buit abusen ab i Europays ka colonisationsland ed ia walsk populations buir submiss do persclaven ed wajib conversion do christianisme.
Bust os Francisco de Orellana (1511, Trujillo, Espania; 1546, fluv Amazonas) in eyso gnahsa-urb. In 1537, is iter sul id urb Guayaquil (nundiens Ecuador), quod hieb esen destrugen ab i walskens. Pos tod reconstruction, abgwahsit do Quito ed, con Gonzalo Pizarro (yuner brater os Francisco Pizarro), organisit un expedition quod duxit ei aunstehgen ios fluv Amazonas. Tei sreumen buit dahn tod nam ob id expedition buit attaquen, menxu fanzowit ep id strohm, ab walskens ammern ab gver jenchnias quas mehnihr iens Europays de ians amazones ios hellen mythologia. Dien 14 August 1542, ies Espaniols viniek id wostia ios fluv dind fanzoweer tiel id Caribe insule Cubagua dien 11 September.
Sponsors iom aunstehgensexpeditions, ies roys os Espania ed os Portugal deile inter se immense possessions. Empires bihnt ithan destrugen ab bolt aventurers, iens conquistadors (Hernàn Cortés in Mexico inter 1519 ed 1521; Francisco Pizarro in Peru ex 1530 do 1535), ammernd smulk trupps yeudmen motive ab goldghigda ed quom bwuki terrifiet i Indians, qui gnohnt neter gvonds ni ekwens. In id druna ios XVIt secule, idmen Cron os Castilla (Espania) transformet do vice-roydems dependend Madrid un rewos quod oistrehct ex id sud iom nundiens Uniet Stats os America do id Tierra del Fuego, bors os Sud America. Brasilu de est id xeimen iom roys os Portugal. I Europays bringhe tetro ir bahsas - quetos id nam Latin America -, ir organisation, id impost catholic dyin ed destrugent systematic-ye cada trace iom walsken civilisations, kwiten ka diabolic.
Id destructuration iom societats, deforce orbat ed dar meis quo est namt id "microbian-viral schock" - i Indians ne hant immunsysteme face ia siuges bright ab i Europays (dow, rubeola, tawoun) - decime unte pwolter secule ia walsk populations : est vohrt nundiens od ta hant schrohnken ex 50 millions do minter quem 20 millions inter 1500 ed 1630. Kay abvulbhes tod massendepopulation ed dadwe im colons un servile mandover sessiet organiset id transatlantic sclaventorg im African aydokwen.
René Robert Cavelier de La Salle (1643, Rouen, France; 1687, prokwem Navasota, nundiens Texas) ed Henri de Tonti buir ies prest europays quoy fanzoweer ep ia Grand Lacs. Sohkweer id Kankakee tiel id Illinois rivier, quer ies pag Fort Crèvecoeur prokwem nundiens Peoria (Illinois, USA). Serter, La Salle linkwt Fort Crèvecoeur con dwogim-tri Franceois ed octdem Indians; nakent id sud os Lac Michigan in 1680 ed fanzoweer dalworts id Mississippi in 1682. Dien 9 Aprile, is official-ye declaret bifanghe tod vast land pro France ed ei daht id nam "Louisiana" in honor os Roy Louis XIV.
Ye id XVIIt secule, i Englisch ed Franceois bihnt interesset ab Nord America, samt minter-ye ryowkhowa climats ed ablikwt ab i Iberics. Menxu dwoters page in id dal ios Saint Laurent (nundiens Quebec) ed in id niter dal ios Mississippi (Louisiana), preters occupe id atlantic caust quer i seule tridem colonias, ex Nov England do Georgia. Incontrent ter tik rhayr-kathire yaghern populations i swaurge inland.
In 1763, ye id termin uns intereuropay conflict, i Britisch chasse i Franceois ed addeihnt irims possessions ia colonias os Canada.
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Sir Alexander Mackenzie (in Alban Gaelic Alasdair MacCoinnich, 1764-1820) eet un alban explorator. In 1788, is sul con alyens Fort Chipewyan (nundiens in Nord Alberta). Dien 10 Jul 1789, is abpieddel ep id fluv taiper kalt Mackenzie ed niek id Arctic Ocean dien 14 Jul. Dien 10 October 1792, is fortrohc iter hamraht ab dwo walskens guides (uter namt Cancre), sien cousin Alexander MacKay, six Canadian voyagers (Joseph Landry, Charles Ducette, François Beaulieux, Baptiste Bisson, François Courtois ed Jacques Beauchamp) ed un kwaun. Sohkweer id Rivier ios Pace, id West Road River ed id Bella Coola river pre nake id Pacific Ocean.
Independent America[]
Ye id fin ios XVIIIt secule, itabic ob ses gouvernen ab London aun ir interesses bihnt bespohcen, Americas Britisch colons pamrlane. Sib udtolkus id alliance ios roy os France, i US insurgents age ex 1774 do 1778, ducen ab George Washington, un weir quod bringht do ir independence. Ia tridem Britisch colonias bihnt ia Uniet Stats os America ed se beghabe med id presto democratic Constitution os moderne historia. Ta wakyas vahnt daughe ka model. Brungend ia difficultats ios cron os Castilla involven in Europe in id weir contra Napoleon, Americas espaniol colonias ubstahnt ep ir roig. Ex 1811 do 1825, independent Stats wardhent, sub id neihsa rjienbwutsen kam Simòn Bolivar, creator om Colombia, Venezuela, Peru ed Bolivia, José San Martìn qui seult id Argentin Respublic, au Agustìn de Iturbide, qui declaret in 1821 id independence os Mexico. In Brasilu, is son ios roy os Portugal Iohannes VI, kyustos regent, asadhasct in 1822 ud Lisboas waldh ed se proclamet cesar sub id nam Peter Ist. US President James Monroe se declaret solidar dia ia nov Stats in 1823.
Ye id XXt secule, etileikwnt in America os europay souverainitat tik smulker insules ed Franceois Guyana. Senst espaniol possession, Cuba hat biht independent in 1902 ed Canada hat asadhascen tadrijan ud id Uniet Roydem inter 1867 ed 1982.
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Ponte y Palacios Blanco, gnohn ka Simon Bolivar (Caracas, 1783 - Santa Marta, Colombia, 1830) buit un Venezuelan militar ed politic, seuler iom respublics Grand Colombia ed Bolivia. In 1813 is ielgv id honoric titule Leurer (Esp.: Libertador) quod hat remanto tuntos assocyet eysi nam.
Id predominance iom Unieten Stats[]
Hassa, unte id sam tid, ia Uniet Stats hant gnohn un extraordinar staurerascen. Bihnt, yant id fin ios XIXt secule, id prest economic augos ed affirme ir hegemonia uper hol America pre accede un druv tienxia politic suprematia, ye id termin os Mund Weir Dwo, in 1945. Tod leadership uper id continent concretasct med id creation, in 1948, ios Organisation iom American Stats quod seddt in Washington. Unte id hol XXt secule, ia Uniet Stats neproe keunge de intervene, indirect-ye ed yando hatta militar-ye, do id politic gwit iom Stats os Latin America. Contribuent ghi posdehrje ter instabilitat ed ne hesitent oistehme dictatures meg piern ud ir democratic ideals. Rar sont ia Sud American Stats qua hant kamyaben se substrage ud tod fangh. Buit - relative-ye - id fall os Mexico pos ids revolution in 1910 ed, hassa, os Cuba pos 1960 - bet po ids upergumto do id sphere ios Sovietsk communisme.
Ernesto Guevara de la Serna wa "is Che" (photo ab Alberto Korda) gnahsit in 1928, in Rosario, Argentina, ed se exilit, pos medicin studyes, do Guatemala ed Mexico, quer is elaborit sien doctrine ios insurrectional "focus". Ter bignoht Castro, con quom is organiset id guerilla in id Sierra Maestra quod dreibht id fall ios Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. Magno rjienbwuts ios Cuban revolution, direcsiet plur ministeria, id Statsbank, quer, kustakh, signet ia nov banknotes med sien lakab Che. In ikhtilaf con Castro de id evolution ios regime, linkwt Cuba pro ia "insurrectional focus". In 1966, organiset ed direct id guerilla in Bolivia, quer is buit nict unte un armet drehden.
Id future ios continent[]
Lakin, pon ia 1990tias, un inkapem os emancipation bohndt ei economic crosct wardhneut in Latin America, Brasilu oismyehrnd id nov grupp iom emergent mercats. Nov associationsformes hant kathalika prohpen, kam id Nord American LeurTorg Playct inter ia Uniet Stats, Canada ed Mexico creen in 1994, renegocyet in 2018 sub id nam Canada-Mexico-USA playct.
Summ om jadide lands xeihnd enorma natural ressurces, America est oin om tienxia meist-ye dynamic iklimes. Nespekent id general economic nilenten, Latin America conservet in 2020 un 2,6% ratiocrosct menxu un start os economic ganeisen biht khisst in Nord America
Iamen Uniet Stats, qua behandent 19% om tienxia ruydt ressurces, remane tienxia prest exporte om agrent products ed dwot commercial stieure apter China. Brasilu de posseddt ja tienxia trit aeronautic industrie ed Mexico hat subscriben bilaterala leurtorg playcts con 43 Stats. Ia energetic possibilitats ios continent sont dar meis muhim ob ulter ia conventional ressurces (naft in Venezuela, in Brasilu, in Colombia, in Argentina), id nov reuyden iom nafts ed gas ex gehnghian (sayct "os kiezghian") permitt ibs Uniet Stats ses tienxia hydrocarbonen productor, uper Mediorient.
Important problemes nadure yed : inegalitats om gwitstandards inter Nord ed Sud Americas ed, wi ad Latin America, enorm social grovs ed alt beghsorbatia. Ta posdehrje politic tensions gwiwen ab id augen populismen (Donald Trump, Jair Bolsonaro) ed produce un vast migrator fluxo kya Uniet Stats. Tibs gwunt-se un vyigic criminalitat, bohndt essential-ye ibs droghentrafiques. Kay survive, nowngmins beuwent narcotic plantes (coca in ia andin lands, maken in Venezuela, canep in Mexico) qua droghengangs transforme dind smeughelnt do Nord America au Europe med id complicitat om corrupen administrations.
Id future ios continent tehrpt un reequilibern, quod impliet id economic antslehnken ed id augen ios gwitstandard in Latin America.