Animal

Etymologia: Ex latin animal, idpet ex anima = "atmen, annem".

Definition: In sien scientific acception, id werd animal kyeust heterotroph, pluricellular gwivs. Ta kweitus distinge animals ud plantes mathalan auti ud bacterias, bet ne ud el menscem quelschi xeiht ia. Yed, current bahmen pretet id werd animal ka excludend el mensc. Biht darschi kyust ka animal id instinctive, hatta brutt au brutal dimension, auti id intensitat ios ayu uns adam.

Nematodes (photo : caenorhabditis elegans) sont i smulkst gnoht animals ed, yinjier, i meist frequents tienxia. Tod animal phylum weict in un plaut varietat ambienten. Nematode speces maghe ses difficil enderkweittu ud mutu, ed quayque uper 25 000 gensa hant esto descript, bayna qua meis quem id dwidel est parasitic, ir total numer est vohrten circum oino million. Nematodes sont classifiet con insects ed alyens werenanimals in id ozd Ecdysozoa, ed, nekam plautvehrms, hant digestive tracts samt ghyahsas ye amba borsa.

Ia different acceptions ios lexis animal qua yando separe el animal ud el mensc, yando include i, ed hatta kyeuse un ayu, creent maung ambiguitats, eti eni id alim mund. Biht ghi observen od zoologia ne includt id studye al mensc, menxu hatta sont conten ne meis quem tri regnes (mineral, vegetal, animal). Sei id menscgenos, besonters pon ia evolutionstheorias os Darwin (1809-1882), ne separeneut-se ud wiswens animals, id union est problematic, kam diken ab id historia niesen imaginaryen.

Swombhs, members ios phylum Porifera (maynend : "pore-behr"),sont id basicst ozd animalen, ka swesgen im diploblasen, edghi id primitivest dar existend animal genos. Sont multicellular parazoia yowkjitias samt corpsa plena med pores ed yavias qua permitte ei wed kwehle per i, consistend geleelik medyogloios sandwichen inter dwo teun schikhts em cells. Swombhs hant non-specialisen cells qui ghehde se transforme do alya types ed ops migre inter ia magna cellenschikhts ed id medyogloios unte tod process. Swombhs ne hant nerveuso systeme, ni digestive tract ni sehrgkwehlen. Bilax, pleisti antreuse mantines un constant wedflux per ir corpsa kay dake piut ed oxygen, ed kay elimine zibel.

Ia imaginaria os analogia

Arena leiks, in Rome, eeschahide kam i mensci neude id animal mund kay symbolise ir wi violence ed/auir wi magh uper id mund. Katus, unte Antiquitat, inter molossers ed simbvas, ed hatta, nundiens, inter kiereys in Afghanistan au galls in Bali, expreme un violence qua ta vreiksta ritualise hina wardhihes ia do un religieuso ceremonia. Corrida, in sud-west Europe, dar weitwoddt to.

Id europay Medieval mund buw el mensc meis quem id sum ed id udwehsen al animal quem els alter. Ed pelu animals dar symbolise, in nies Culture, psychologic au passional types. El lion est nert, el vulp doler, el aygis capricieus, hatta diabolic. El mensc eet yugen im animals, dighen ex id sam doigho quem ti endersesi. Also revelit el in medvia el dominant animal eni se - eet tolct Medievi de "kiepmedvia" au de "catmedvia". Est ver od el mensc eet yugen imschi upersesims, ibs asters; ed tiel id XVIIt secule, nespekent quakwe protests ios Kyrk, astrologs explier ir beurt ibs roys.

Modernitat hat deht un fin tei bayghensentiment uni mund quos coherence gwohm ender quo Foucault (1926-1984) kiel id "universa analogia"; modernitat inauguret uno mund quod raison construct sub id signe ios "keipen".

El blou kiet, ios endangern spece Balaenoptera musculus, ghehdt ses 29,9 meters long ed uper 173 tonnes gwaur, quo el buw el plautst gnoht animal quel aiwo gegwivit ep Terra.

Id vision im Modernes

Mox hat el animal kwohken kam el prev au el witer al mensc. Deleuze (1925-1995) tribuet itak ad preter id instinct, ad dwoter ia institutions. Elmen animal eetwert genosbohnden eni uno natural determinisme, beghis Moralitat; el de mensc, werumenos dia culturalo lure, beghaben med conscience, apt ad mehne kam ad kwehre sellt ed khitert.

Buit tentative-ye daftart quo beuwiet id "wi al mensc", iom imkans qua delimitient clara grances inter mensc ed animal. Yando biht udwekwnt id sense os abstraction, id moral sense au swoconscience, betschi id stahsa, id invention ios alat, hatta ios alat kay makhe alats - Bergson (1859-1941) kyeust tun el homo ka faber. Yando biht kyuken id double articulation os lingua - inter un limitet numer phonemen, minimal swonunitats, ed un aunfin-ye variable syntactic composition quod bestehmt id dughen semantic wirt -, Gleimen au id symbolic function, hatta id bemohnt politic organisation os collective gwit auti perfectibilitat.

In-Kap / Genesis , id prest buk ios Bible, legitimit tod superioritat : Adam regnit uper animals in Eden. Id catholic tradition, emen tsay unte id XVIIt secule ab Descartes ed bilhassa eys disciple iom Pater Malebranche, meniey el menscem ka scapabund els buhsa - ta elsen "passions" qua sont animal - ed reduxit el animal uni aunkhisses machine.

Tod photo ex circum 1886 keiptwert "Jonathan", un Seychelles gigant ghelon in id garden os Plantation House, id official residence ios gouverneur ios Britisch ultramar territorium ios insule Saint Helena, medsu id Sud Atlantic Ocean. So Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa kwecto wis ex sien oiv circum 1832, ed buit schohnct, ja "matur" in 1882, con tri alyens ghelons, ei Gouverneur os Saint Helena. Jonathan - shayad is veutst gwivend animal nundiens - est taiper blind ed aunodorat, bet biht kaur-ye foddern med un special diete.

Redahe el animal ei gwiv mund

Ye id sam zaman, sems, kam Gassendi ed La Fontaine, hant vidiwidt tod achizia os recognihes el animal ka alyo jecto quem un "horloge" au un "biest". Bet id honn dia el animal buit bilhassa combat in ia lands protestantios tradition, spontan-ye meis werumenos dia ecologia. Utilitarisme, dlehneund pon ia Britisch XVIIIt ed XIXt secules, sekwent quod id moral wirt uns action tehrpt bihe midt med id criterium os ids nude - yani ids imkan os dahe satisfaction, plaisure au noroc - sigwrt od tongjon dehlgiet ghehlde pro vasyens payssil sesens, yinjier pro animals.

Tod doctrine hat pregen ia anglicisanta mentalitats ed inspiren mult movments os protection im animals. Medical paursken au cosmetique experimentation, wodstu, transport ed zabakhen im animals hant schowi viden ir normes taraghen in viswa occidental lands. Id zoo, klut ka daughe ei - besonters colonial - stieure iom folks, biht tadrijan tayn ab id "animal park", mutalbet-yod id protection iom disparitil specen. Bet alyi conteste, yando in id nam iom evolutionstheorias, id refuse os vide disparihes speces (wolf, urx), bariem ex certain sites.

Est ops illegal payttihes un domestic animal. Est ver od, in etiwastuen societats, tel act unschi curieus rol es substitut es sokwi au purt, speit i veterinars quim yando baygh moliet comprehendihes i suters kam muadeb i dehlgient sulouke dia id alteritat irs kiekwr...

El commun chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) est el animal prokwst el mensc. Gwivt in Central Africa bet est grave-ye endangert ob id destruction siens habitat ed braconierie.

Quod relevance recognihes ei nature/culture dualisme

Europay (dind occidental) modernitat hieb exilet el animal, hieb reduct el uni malleable materia. Al refusit quo al reservit al mensc : id possibilitat os produce sense. Tod radical separation inter "nature" ed "culture", expliet is etholog Ph. Descola, professor bei Collège de France, est rhayir ei mierst part os menscgenos. Id majoritat iom "ontologias" (iom conceptions im "sesen" ed iren "attributs") iom cosmologias (iom conceptions ios tant physic quem metaphysic "mund", os idso schigiowng) recogneiht od i sesi befolkend id "nemensco" dunia, animals, hatta vegetals, sont "social partners". Eti, id ONU, unte id 11t Conference de conservation iom migrator specen bayghend id wildfauna, in 2014, hat ischbaten od pelu animal gensa sont beghapt samt uno "rhayr-ensan" culture. Id UNO rekehgnet it official-ye od sulouks, inventen ab animal individus, bihnti transmitten ex un generation do alyo, sekwent processa gwehmend ender social talimat. Zoologia dehlcti kongcio cruce ia social sciences.

El Gronlandshamyu (somniosus microcephalus) est el vertebrat samt id longsto jumiung, inter 250 ed 500 yars.

Ethologia

Is Osterreicher K.Lorenz, Nobelpris in 1973, hat maschouriht tod ilm, heriten ex id XVIIt secule yed gnahvs ka science unte ia 1950tias. Ethologia - ex hellen ήθος = "swehdos", ed "λόγος" = "logos" - revelet id gendeltat iom sulouks im menscen ed animals, de consumm, mahsa, aggressivitat, sexualitat. Id hat bevis od anthropoid kieps, trans id fact od gwivent in organisen societat, ghehdent transforme ira praxis, vihabe id double articulation os lurhat, expremes moral sentiments - dayir to ghehdt bihe observen id sulouk as Koko, filmen ab B.Schroeder in 1978. Neter leik ni gleimen, ni hatta id tabu os incest, neti ghehde enderkwites mensc ud animal.

Remenaye id place al animal est uno naudh. D.Lestel in L'animal est l'avenir de l'homme (2010) defineiht ia menscencultures ka hybride cultures construgen ambh ecologic ed spirituala alliances con animal speces, mehmeiht id naudho tom alliancen. Bet is defendt idschi miemswent pitu quod sem vegetarians aynt criminal. Iaghi movments os defense im animals oiscindent-se kongcio do dwo distinct, hatta antagoniste trends.

Ob divers menscenactivitats ed ir pollution, stets meisa animal speces dispareihnt. Tik tri specimens al ghelon Rafetus swinhoei (in id synor om China ed Vietnam) sont gnoht gwiv. Taiptro, vasya oivs gohnen ab id senst couple in un Chinese zoo hant obkwohcto sterp.

Vegetarians, vegetalians, vegans

Pelu movments appelle ad recognihes un decos al animal ed ad adaote un ethique in samstehmen con tod recognition. I vegetarians refuse edde miems; i vegetalians inkarnt ingeste quodkwe os animal origin; i vegans sammel-ye nudes quodkwe part ex animal corpsa ed exploite ir "wehrg" - quo bant id use om wuln, silk, tem quem id consumm os melg au mielt. Ia economic ed ecologic consequences inducen ab id generalisation tom sulouks sonti muhim. Ghehdmos wey antbehre piwern quod fertiliset aghers ? Tehrbent bihe milt meis quem ta natural fertilisants ia chemicals dangereus pro id ecosysteme ? Quod future pro ia domestiquen animal speces ? Hat id vol, bi sem extermiste grupps, os exraudhe quodkwe forme os predation, pati inter animal speces, sem sense ? Ia iskwn philosophic questions sonti mins grave : obliget id "decos" confert al animal, tant al bombyx quem al chimpanzee, ad buwes el mensc "un animal kam alters" ? (Kay contre tod movment os animalisation al mensc, maght bihe refern ad A.Prochiantz qui mehmeiht od sapiens est el saul animalis qual ratio corpos/kers ne respect ia adic proportions : ia "plus" 900 cm² qua sapiens hat al dahnt ta linguistic ed cognitive functions qua nel chimpanzee ghehdiet nake.)

Bet kwe tod nov decos al animal ne nos dwinght interroge, kam Derrida (1930-2004) invitet ad to, idpet categoria "animalitat", aunstehge od tod mer werd gwehmt ender uno nundiens udmohnen anthropocentrisme ?

El bombyx est un pelpel khaliban buwt ob sien larve quel spehnt un oinluwa kjien. Tod kjien est meg solid ed buit nudt kay produce silk. El bombyx est oin im oik insects tienxia buwt ye mier maschtab, con el mieltbei ed el kirmizcoschnill.

Id controverten giokien unios nov alliance

Id "protection" est diwiden ab ia dayis os animal "leuren", id Humanisme ab id nov ecocentriste, hatta biocentriste trend yuct ei khaliban US deep ecology. Tod antihumaniste ecocentrisme sib autoriset denunce id humaniste anthropocentrisme quod P.Singer (Animal Liberation, 1975) identifiet ka un forme os racisme : specisme.

Eys tarafdars sigwrnt invente un druv animal "ieus". Api buwes i animals sem "dikssubjects" gwehmt ender uno nayive anthropomorphisme, un humanisation ois id vol ios menscenraison os sib submitte ia natural elements, ois quo is philosoph Heidegger kalt "tajhisat". Idghi notion subject pressupont id leudher menscenmenos.

Ia movments animalios leuren sigwrnt hassa conteste ia humaniste wirts. Po constanta mutamaynens, bi H.Laborit au R.Dawkins, inter biologic, genetic analyse ed un prescriptive werdskaut, beuwent moralitato daydey ed altruisme besonters un effect os genetique. Api to ghehldt pro ia wirts os civilisations. Kwe id definition uns mensc dominabund els pulsions, edificabund un prabher mund, definibund uno meis swesgenmenos menscgenos, hatta imaginabund un kemall politic aurdhen sulen ep lure est ne meis quem un dehlwrnt ?