Etymologia: Ex id nam as Athena, mensdehs divu, behrgerin ios citad. Id druv oraryum origin, sei exist, est rhayr yakin. Maghses ex sam-dehn (samghat-eina) ?
Definition: Hellen urb sulen ye ia VIIIim-VIIim secules pre JC, ep un site befolkneut pon id IIIt millennium. Tant ob id originalitat sienen institutions quem sien exceptional cultural arg, Athenas remant id prestigieussto citad os Awo Hellad
Athens Tech Demo Siggraph 2013
Id democratic gouvernement (VIt-IVt secules pre JC)[]
Auwal-ye Athenas eet gouvernet ab iens potis iom aristocratic familias, iens Εὐπατρίδαι. Api, recurrent conflicts oppos tod aristocratia ed i pauper nowngmins. In -594, Solon beghapt Athenas med legs qua beziele restablie social pace, ponend-ye ia bases uns democratic functionment sult ep id absolut egalitat iom civs. Souverainitat est xith ab id Popules Assemblee (εκκλησία), ghyant vasyims ner adult civs, ed quod poitt kathalika se institue do diksghehrd sub id nam "tribunal ios Heliaya". Id continuitat ios gouvernemental action est swekwohrt ab un collegium om magistrats, iens "aurghants", ed un representative council om quarcent members, id Βουλή. Aurghants ed βουλευται sont loss ed ir amts dure eino yar.
In -507, pos un tentative aristocratic reaction, Kleisthenes reformet ia social structures in id sense uns complete democratisation, reorganisend id ranking iom civs. Is creet kathalika, kay ammer id armee, dec charges om strategens qua nient bihe loss, sontern occupet med cadayar election.
Id regime bevidt sien soliditat unte id ordeilo iom Parsi Weirs (490-478 pre JC) in-yom druna id armee om civ-soldats os Athenas drehdt efficient-ye iens hakhamanisch lahtors (sighs om Marathon ed Salamis). To saygen, ia democratic limites tos waldhios dehbhe ses kyunggiawen. Also, kay bihe civ ed smyehre id Popules Assemblee, semquis tehrpt ses un leudher wir, gnahn ex athenay dadmam : ex i 400 000 weikers qui id Respublic contet ye id Vt secule pre JC, tik 40 000 correspondent tod criterium. Eti, id ideal os total egalitat quod justifiet id praxis os lotte ia public charges oistundt protiev id realitat iom competence. Pos ia Parsi Weirs, ies strateges, neti lossi sontern elect, bihnt de facto ies premier magistrats ios citad. Est id fall os Perikleus qui, penkdems reelegen ex -444 do -429, wohs un druv gouvernementschef.
Lakin, kam id est, liberal, ryowkhowo dia arts ed vasya manifestations os Culture, id athenay democratia est ayt uno model in id hellen mund, bilhassa quan id est oppost ei brutal rieuke siens rival Sparta, oligarchia eni-yod id magh bayght uno militarum aristocratia.
Marmor bust os Perikleus, behrnd id inscription "Perikleus, son os Xanthip. Roman copie uns hellen original, circum -430.
Gnahto circum -495, Perikleus participet id jidal protiev Areios Pagos ye id gon os Ephialtes, chef ios democratic partise os Athenas. Pos senters assassinat, Perikleuso succeddt iom ed wanact id Stat ka stratege, amt sessiet-yei is reelegen minst-ye penkdems. Is nakwehrt tun id democratisation ios politic gwit ios citad, pliehgend ke quanti poitte smyehre ids gouvernement.Also, pauper civs seddskwnd in id Βουλή dacsient un denarsumm.
Unte id conflicto quod Corinth, Ayghen, Sparta ed idsens allieitens, Boiotens ed Parsis oppont ad Athenas (-459/-446), Perikleus duct frequent-ye ia militar operations. Bet, pos id pace os Callias con iens Parsis (-449) ed id Trigimwetsen Pace con Sparta (-446), antreust is tik pacific methodes, id prestige om sien culturaled social realisations kay impones athenay hegemonia ibs dar independent hellen citads. Athenas gnoht tun id apogee os sien civilisation : est id zaman os architecte Phidias, iom ovrar ios Parthenon, om Sophokleus ed Euripides, ios talim iom Sophistes ed os Socrates. Perikleus tyiceiht kathalika mier orbats : fortifications os Peirayeus, orbats ios Akropoli. Tod enorm expense iom obliget ad hause ex id cassa iom allieits os Athenas, quo biht khisst ka un imperialisme, ed yinjier ad antplehce yant -448/-447 id systeme iom klairoukhias (colonias befolct ab Athenays) in id thraci Kimber, in Evvia ed alya insules : iro presence humilyet i allieits. Yed Perikleus kamyapt brehge ir independence sogna.
Previdend id conflicto contra Sparta, Perikleus preparet id athenay camp tei. Is habiet emiss id decret quod, bannend-ye im Megarans ia Mercats Attikais ed ia ports im allieits os Athenas, sleurt id Peloponnese Weir (-431). Un opposition se manifestet, skipen ab personal peinds ed decept ambitieusens, oligarchens gruppen apter Thoukydides gwirlayus ex eysum exile; bihnt admaheln eysi prients Phidias ed Anaxagoras, ed ays parika Aspasia. Bet id popule natreust iom ed, weidend eys campagne plan, se dunbehndt apter ia walls os Athenas yant id start ios weir. Kun tawoun udbrehct, eys duschmans, brungend id schawngdan ios popule, beuwnt Perikleus makhkoumo med un gwaur ghehldschtraf. Reelecto stratege ye wer -429, is succumbht ep sien roig id epidemia in September.
Id cultural arg (Vt-IVt secules pre JC)[]
Id democratic Athenas iom Vt ed IVt secules prehpt ka id essential pole ios hellen civilisation ye sien apogee.
Ies hellen megil tragic autors, Ayschylos, Sophokleus, Euripides, sont athenay, kam is comic autor Aristophanes; med id Theatre os Dionys, Athenas hat gwupto tiel nundiens id loc iren tamsils. Is poet Pindar, ies Historians Herodotos, Thoukydides, Xenophon sont athenay. Quayque id hat gnahn alyer, in Asia ed Sicilia, hellen philosophia gnoht in Athenas sieno megst arg dank Socrates ed Platon; ye id IVt secule, is Makedon Aristoteles gwehmt ad doce ter; Stoicismes dehtor, Zenon os Kitium, ed Epikwros creent ter ir scols, id Portic ed id Garden. Mathematique ed logique bihnt kathalika honoret : Eudoxos os Knidos, redactor om Euclids presta Στοιχεία, doct in Platons Academia. Eti, id democratic praxis dreibht id spand os politic eloquence, besonters ye id IVt secule (Lysias, Isokrates, Demosthenes).
In Athenas product id hellen art sem absoluta chefdovers, prest-ye id menghia templen construgen sub Perikleus ep id Akropoli (Parthenon, Erechtheion, temple os Victoria) ed decoren ab sculptor Phidias. Est eti id athenay sculpture scol quod creet ia models os classic beauteit, ex Myron (autor ios Δισκοβολος) do Polykleito ye id Vt secule, ex Scopas do Praxiteles ed Lysip ye id IVt secule.
Exist in Historia neid alyum exemple uns tem rhayr-kathire folk, ep un tem angh territorium, quod gehnt unte tem pau wakt un tem opnost ed brilliant cultural brinegh. Takriban dwogimpenk secules serter, in mirveylment unte sien safer in Athenas, is franceois historian Renan (1823-1892) sigwrit in sien Prière sur l'Acropole : Il y a un lieu où la perfection existe; il n'y en a pas deux : c'est celui-là. Dar nundiens hams wey maung euctu ex Athenas.
Id statue as Parthenos Athena eet uno monumental chryselephantin sculpture (ex gold ed ivor) ias hellen div Athena. Anadadehn ad Phidias, eet un offer ios citad Athenas ad ids behrgdivu. Un kielken ios Parthenon, ep id akropoli os Athenas, buit concept makhsus kay primes id. Uno nature-plaut replic buit makhen in 1990 pro id Parthenon os Nashville (Uniet Stats os America) ab sculptor A. LeQuire (photolevi ab D.Dixon). Leit de id mierst inkyal sculpture in Occident
Athenas ye ia hellenistic ed roman zamans (IIIt secule pre JC - Vt secule pos JC)[]
Id cultural splendor os classic Athenas contrastet con id convulsive kweit os eys historia : id Vt secule est id moment iom weirs ios Peloponnese unte qua ia rival citads Athenas, Sparta ed Thebes weighe mutu. Pos sieno marloubia, in -338, Athenas pehdt sub id hegemonia iom roys os Makedonia, Philip II dind Alexander ios Megil. Id naiwo retrehfsiet sien independence, esdi gweupt sien wi institutions ed conservet sien autonomia.
Yed, quayque id neti est un souverain Stat, id remant tiel id fin ios Antiquitat un intense cultural foyeir, mix om museium-urb ed universitar centre quod attract mult adibs. Ye id IIt secule pos JC, is roman cesar Hadrian ops mukamt ter ed beghapt id samt sumptueus monuments. Id definitive decline siet vigwehme fin-ye med id triumph os Christianisme. In 529, is rhomay cesar, Justinian, cludeiht idsa scols. Athenas amalan salct historia unte tridem secules, hina moderne Hellad, recovernd sien independence, cheust id ka nagor in 1834.