Etymologia: Ex Ελλάς, nam i Hellens dahnt iri land.
Definition: id installation om oraryen folks do Hellad ed ep ia ripas ios Agayos tyehct in id druna ios IIt millennium pre JC: hat gohnen id mykainay civilisation. Idnu hellen civilisation antslehnct in id druna ios 1st millennium, ye id termin uns confus periode pregen ab id ultim migration im Dorweys. Ab uno model concepen ab art historians, ids historia est dividen do dwo periodes : "archayic" Hellad (VIIIim-VIIim secules pre JC), "classic" Hellad (VIt-IVt secules pre JC).
Ia hellen citads[]
Ex id VIIim do id IVt secule, id civilisation ios Awios Hellad erkwt ab Eustmediomar (Hellad, causts os Asia Minor) ed ab ia westripas om Sicilia ed Sud Italia.
Politic-ye, id hellen mund est dividen do uno mier numer om micri Stats : ia citads. Id citad (πόλις) comprindt un urb ed id perambhend rur (Athenas, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes...), quo daht ei hellen civilisation un profund-ye urban kweit. Id gouvernementsmodus iom citads baygh varyet : id magh poitt bayghe oik megil familias (aristocratia) we ses reserven uni minoritat om civs, kam vis in Sparta (oligarchia); poitt yaschi ses devolven, kam in Syracuse, uni genis dictator, ei "tyrann" - id werd, quod preter maynt "peurst", emt un pejorative sense bad sert-ye, bi Platon -; poitt fin-ye ses xihn ab id assemblee vasyen civs, kam est id fall in Athenas (democratia). Lakin, in quant falls, politic evolution buit ops control ab social tensions. Tehrpt bihe kaun od quantloc, ies civs hant remanen uno minoritat, non-civs ed sclavs esend majoritar : hatta id athenay democratia est, in fact, un oligarchia privilegeiten.
«Ελληνικός Κόσμος»
Id absence os unitat[]
Nespekent un staur khisses os cultural identitat weitwoss ab commun cults (schangdiens os Apollon in Delphoi, os Zeus in Olympia), au sportwakyas samt religieus kweit kam ia Olympic Leiks - ia presta muss in 776 pre JC -, division uperghehldt inter ia citads. Ia alliances sont episodic ed conjunctural, weir est endemic. Lakin, id pars tentative invasion, in-kap id Vt secule pre JC, uniet id majoritat iom citads ambh Athenas ed permitt id victoria (pars weirs, 490-478 pre JC). Bet id union ne uperstaht id preponderance it hassilen ab Athenas. Unte dwoter dwidel ios Vt secule, un longo conflict oppont Athenas ed Sparta (Peloponnese Weirs, 431-404 pre JC), qua bo citads salgent slaber. Ye id IVt secule pre JC, pos un bragv suprematia os Thebes, ibs desunien hellen citads biht impost, ab 338 pre JC, id protectorat os roy Philip II os Makedonia.
Tod golden larnax, trohft in Vergina, Nord Hellad, in 1977, habiet arohgen ia mortu etiloikwa os roy Philip II os Makedonia. Ids capak behrt ka symbol un sixdemak sol.
Id posteritat ios awios Hellad[]
Samt Alexander iom Megil (336-323), son os Philip, id hellen citad orneuwt un irresistible decline, bet id hellen civilisation vaht eme un nov dimension med ia manzils oiskipen ab id Hellenistic mund, ed ia Roman dind Rhomay Imperia. Ab id VIIim secule pos JC, id arab krigo quod oistrehct uper akster-ye helleniset lands permittsiet kathalika id transmission om hellen philosophia ed sciences. Bad, in Occident, per id Catholic Kyrk sessient mantint id gnohsa iom awen bahsas ed id access do ia megil textes. Id prise os Constantinople, in 1453, biht uperwohrt med id en masse arriven awen kawus ep qua siet wuxes id humanisme ios Renaissance.
Kam Sambahsa, id hellen bahsa gwehmt ex oraryo. Ep tod poder aunstohgen in Pithekoussay (nundiens Insule Ischia, apo Naples in Italia) est grohven uter iom awst-ye gnohn inscriptions in id hellen alphabet (alter esend id Dipylon weuder ex Athenas, bo ex dwoter dwidel ios VIIIim secule pre JC). Idso texte est : ΝΕΣΤΟΡΟΣ : Ε…: ΕΥΠΟΤ[ΟΝ] : ΠΟΤΕΡΙΟ[Ν]
ΗΟΣΔΑΤΟΔΕΠ[ΙΕ]ΣΙ : ΠΟΤΕΡΙ[Ο] : AΥΤΙΚΑΚΕΝΟΝ ΗΙΜΕΡ[ΟΣ : ΗΑΙΡ]ΕΣΕΙ : ΚΑΛΛΙΣΤ[ΕΦΑΝ]Ο : ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΕΣ yani : Nestorios (...) suapoht poder / yos de an tod pohti poder : fauran ciom / (id) desire ayrsiet bellcrontias Aphrodites.
Id heritage ios hellen men[]
Id hellen, dind hellen-latino men, act un sulrol in id occidental culture. Sambahsa comprindt mult werds os hellen origin, besonters in id muallim werdskaut (metaphysique, physique, psychologia, psychanalyse, theologia....)
Deulgmos eischi hellen civilisation id creation niesen pleisten sciencen. Hellen philosophia, con Platon, Aristoteles ed stocisme, sbringht ia megil organisationsprabhils iom sciencen : quo kalmos nundiens "logique", yani id bestehmen ios forme iom necessaren raisonens. I Hellens ghabe id hypothetic-deductive buhsa os mathematique ed ia sulnaudhs iom rational theorias, yani id existence uns hierarchia om prabhils quois ia consequences ghehde bihe deduct.
Ies sophistes hant ornuwen un systematic studye os menscbahmen, quo hat gohnen ia bahmensciences : rhetorique, semantique, syntaxe, phonologia, etymologia. Id programme iom universitats, pon ir medieval creation tiel id Moderne Tid, est un heritage ios hellen men : id trivium (grammatic, rhetorique, dialectique wa logique) biht enderkwit ud id quadrivium (arithmetique, geometria, music, astronomia).
Iapet nam ed dayi os "philosophia" hant gwohmen do nos ex Hellad. Politic men ei deulct id identification ed id classification iom magnen regimen, ed daydeyer idpet conception os "politique" ka xeimen quod dependt neter I divs ni id nature, sontern menschen deliberations. Id invention om democratia ed civstand enevidencet oiks iom prabhils os politic ieus : popules souverainitat, maghsmyehren, samrectia im civs, sigwren od lure wehst in id taatia dia ia prescript legs. In art, id reference ibs awims modelims defineiht classicisme. In ia plastic arts, ids wirts sont meid, harmonia, tula, id serene ed idealisen keipen ios mensccorpos. In literature, ia magna jors sont codifien (tragedia, comedia, epos, lyric poesis...). Fin-ye, id hellen mythologia (Antigone, Oedipus, Promanthus...) inspiret ed na-inspiret nies literature, arts ed men.