Un bahsa (ex oraryo *bheH2 = "bah"; wa "lingua" ex Latin) est un bahil structuren communicationsysteme. Sambahsa - idswo un bahil planbahsa - enderkweit inter bahsa, bahmen (id imkan os bahe) ed lurhat, quod est un bahsa-liko communicationsysteme.
Id numer om menscbahsas ep Terra est vohrt inter 5000 ed 7000, yed un precis estimation dependt id arbitrair enderkweiten inter dialect ed bahsa. Bahsas evolve ed se diversifient unte wakt, ed id historia irs enderkweiten ghehdt bihe reconstrugen comparend-ye moderne linguas kay determine qualg traits ir atavic bahsas solleer comhabe. Un grupp om bahsas qua descende ex un commun atav est un bahsafamilia.
Sekwent Ethnologue 2019 (ploisko pro Hindustani ed Malays, quod aymos id grupp iom respective-ye mutupretable Hindi-Urdu ed Bahasa Indonesia-Bahasa Melayu), ia dec bahtst bahsas tienxia sont (in millions : materbahtors/dwoterbahtors/total) : Englisch (369/898/1268), Mandarin Chinese (pati Standard Chinese : 921/198/1120), Hindustani (250/500/750), Espaniol (463/74/537), Franceois (77/199/276), Standard Arab (274), Bangla-bahsa (228/36/265), Rusk (153/104/258), Portughesche (227/24/252) ed id Malays (60/-/250). Dat id Hindeuropay familia includt ia materbahsas os 46% os menscgenos, id analysesiemos apart.
Ia non-Hindeuropay bahsas[]
Id Afroasiat familia[]
Tod large familia includt ia Schemi bahsas ed maung bahsas Africas.
- Ia Schemi bahsas inclde Nordeusto Schemi : Akkaditum, includt-yod ep sien roig Babyloni ed Aschouray, gnohmos-ya ex inscriptions in santak. Dank recenta trehvens in Ebla in Suria kehgnems tod bahsa ab 3200 pre JC. Nordwesto Schemi est Ibri, id bahsa ios Vetus Testament, buit-yod gwiwen ye id end ios XIXt secule ed est nun id bahsa os Moderne Israel; sontschi Aramay (id bahsa os Jesus), ed id ponnim os Lubnan, buit-yod bohrn doschi Carthage. Sudwesto Schemi est Arab, bohr-yod Islam tem dalgo quem Espania ed Irak (Misri, Maroki, yunyun sonti dialects os Arab, kam Malti), ed Aythiopias bahsas, sont-ya Amarinia, Tigre, Tigrinia, Harari ed ia Gurage bahsas.
- Awo Misri skeipt sien wi distinct branche. Copt, survivet-yod tik-ye ka liturgic bahsa, est oin idsen continuations.
- Ia Amasirr bahsas sont ia auwal bahsas os Nord Africa, pre Arab gwohm tetro. Tuareg est oin ex ia.
- Ia Kuschi bahsas bahn in Africas horn, kam Somali ed Oromo
- Ia Chadi bahsas (takriban cent), bayna-ya Hausa, un important bahsa om Nigeria, Niger, ed maung alya lands.
- Ia Omotic bahsas, bahn in Sud Aythiopia.
Id Nilsahrawi familia[]
Est baht in Sudan, Aythiopia, Uganda, Kenya ed Chad. Ia Nubian bahsas bayghe id, tem quem ia Nili bahsas.
Id Niger-Congo familia[]
Est id largest familia, covehrt-yod un area ex Senegal do Sud Africa. Tod familia esti divis do six grupps, oin ex ya est Benwe-Congo, in-yod ia Bantu bahsas oiskeipe id largest grupp. Bayna ta sont Kikuyu, Rwanda, Zulu ed Swahili, senst esend id plautst bahto bahsa in Eust Africa.
Ia Khoisan bahsas[]
Sont besonters bahn in Sud Africa, Botswana ed Namibia. Maung paurskers bedwoint id genetic unitat tos suppost grupp. Ta bahsas hant esen plaut-ye swaurgen ob id sudwort perodhia im Bantus ed id nordwort perodhia blanken xiters in Sud Africa.
Ia Uralsk bahsas[]
In Eurasia hams id finnugher familia, nu-yod con ia Samid bahsas in Nordwesto Sibiria, comskeipt Uralsk. Id Suomen grupp est bayght, apart idswo Suomen, Eestla ed ia Saami bahsas, ia Volga bahsas ed ia Permsk bahsas. Ugher consistti dwo bahsas ana id Ob ed Magyar, gwohm-yod do Europe ye id nevt secule. Id comparative linguistique tos familia esti tem veut quem tod ios Hindeuropay familia, bet ta bahsas inkiepeer bihe niscriben bad meis nuper.
Ia Altayi bahsas[]
Consistent penkwe grupps :
- Ia Tyrk bahsas in West ed Central Asia, kam Usbeck ed Tatar; idswo Ottoman Tyrko gwohm do Tyrkia ab id XIt secule.
- Takriban dec Mongol bahsas.
- Ia Mandju-Tungus bahsas os Eust-Sibiria. Mandju eet tiel 1912 id amtsbahsa Chinas.
- Korean
- Japanese
Kweter tri senters bayghe id sam familia quem alters est un dar iskwn werd.
Ia cavcasesk bahsas[]
In Cavcase wehse tri linguistic familias, bet est rhayr-yakin an sonti gendel : Sud Cavcasek includt Kartvel, West Cavcasesk includt bayna alya bahsas Cherkess ed Eust Cavcasesk est id bahsa bahn ab i Avars, bayna alya folks.
Ia dravida bahsas:[]
In sud Hind, sont bahta dravida bahsas, bayna-ya Tamil ed Telugu sont ia beirst-ye gnohts.
Ia sino-tupeudi bahsas:[]
Tod familia comprindti Chinese, au kreins, ia Chinese bahsas (kam guangdungwa); ed id Tupeud-myanma grupp. Senter jamiya includt maungs iom bahsas bahn in Tupeud (kam tupeudi), Assam ed Myanmar (myanma bahsa)
Ia austroasiat bahsas[]
Ia comprinde un grupp om gendel bahsas trohven inter Eust Hind ed Vietnam. Bayna ta sont ia Munda bahsas os Eust Hind, ia Mon-Khmer bahsas (mathalan in Kampuchea), Viet-Muong, bayna-yod idswo Vietnamese, ed ia Aslian bahsas bahn ep Malacca.
Id Austro-Tai grupp[]
Est bayghe ab Kra-Day (bayna-tod idswo Thay) ed id Austronesian (wa Malays-Polynesian) familia. Senter grupp est un enorm familia. Ter wehse Malgasch, baht ep Madagascar, bahsas bahn in Vietnam, pleist bahsas Indonesias, kam ia Java ed Malays bahsas, ia asli bahsas iom Philippines (mathalan Tagalog) ed os Taywan; taschi include ia bahsas om Melanesia, Micronesia ed Polynesia (mathalan Samoan ed Tahitian, ed id Maori bahsa os Nov Zeland).
Ia papua bahsas[]
Bahn in Nov Guinea (takriban 700), ne skeipent oin familia.
Ia walsk bahsas Australias[]
Kad skeipent oin familia. Sonti meis quem cent, bayna-ya Aranda est beirst-ye gnoht.
Isolat bahsas ios Vetus Mund[]
In Europe, est Euskal. Quasi aun exception, vasya survivend bahsas Europes sont hindeuropay, ploisko Suomen, Eestli, Magyar ed Euskal, est-yod bahn in id west-pyrening region Euskadi, inter Espania ed France.
In Kashmir, Buruschaski esti sam-ye un isolat, ed in Japan id fall est id sam pro id bahsa ios Aynu folk.
Sibiria hat uno numer om isolat bahsas, kam Ket (quayque tod buit nuper connecten ei Athabaska familia in Nord America). Alter bahsas bihnt comclassifien sub id label Paleoasiat bahsas.
Bahsas ios Nov Mund[]
Ia Americas buir befolct unte id Glehdjaiw ex Asia unte id tun turst Bering strett, au via un marroute engwn ia causta om Sibiria ed Alaska. Id tid ios tienjienios migration (tem awo quem 40 000 yars au tem recent quem 12000 yars prever) esti dar rhayr-yakin. Lakin, neid pruv os un sibia inter ia walsk bahsas iom Americas ed ta Asias hat esen brighen. Ia Indian bahsas iom Americas ne skeipe oin large grupp. Yed, id number om linguistic familias in ia Americas est exceptional-ye mier.
Joseph Greenberg hat dayno ia bahsas ios Nov Mundios do tri familias : (1) id Eskimo-Aliat familia, quod comprindt ia bahsas im Aliats ed im Eskimen (Inuit); (2) Id Na-Dene familia in id nord ed id west os Nord America, quod includt ia Hayda, Tlingit, Eyak ed Athabaska bahsas (pati Navajo, id largest Indian bahsa os Nord America); ed (3) id Amerindian familia om bahsas, bayghent-yod vasya bahsas om Medyum ed Sud America ed, biht presumpen, vasya sonstic bahsas os Nord America. Ploisko Hayda, ia classifications om Eskimo-Aliat ed iom Na-Dene bahsas, bo esend ayt ses products om nisbatan recent volns om immigrations, ne sont rencauset. Lakin, ne est id fall ios trit grupp, yani iom Amerindian bahsas, quos existence ne hatta id majoritat im linguisten acceptet.
Ia bahsas tos itnamen Amerindian grupp in Nord ed Medyum America comskeipe meis quem sixgim familias. Id classification kwohrn ab Sapir pro ia, quod tarikhet ex 1929, dar ghehldt. Ploisko pro ia ja udwekwnen Eskimo-Aliat ed Na-Dene bahsas, id Sapir classification consist (samt additions ab alyens linguistens) ia sehkwnd superfamilias : (1) Algonquin-Wakashan : ia Algonquin bahsas in medyum ed eust Nord America (bayna-ya Nehiyaw, Ojibwa, Cheyenne ed Niitsitapi) ed ia Wakash bahsas in Britisch Columbia ed in id nordwest iom Uniet Stats os America; (2) Macro-Penuti : uno mier numer om bahsas ios west caust os Nord America (bayna-ya Tsimshian, Chinuk, Klamath, Yokuts ed Miwok), Totonac, ia Maya bahsas ed ia Mixe-Zoque bahsas in Mexico; (3) Athtecah-Tanoan: un part im Anasazi (espaniol: pueblo) Indians ed id Uto-Athetecah familia om bahsas, quod comprindt uno mier numer om linguas in California ed id inner west iom USA (bayna-ya Comanche, Hopi, Payuteh, ed Shoshone), pleist bahsas os Nordwest Mexico ed Nahuatl, id bahsa im Athtecahs; (4) Hokal-Sioux, uno meg mier numer om bahsas in California, Mexico, Central America ed in id Midwest ed id Sud-eust os Nord America (bayna-ya Cheroquee, Iroquois, Lakhota (Sioux), Creek ed Choctaw); (5) Oto-Mankem : complexe tonal bahsas bahn in Central Mexico (Otomi, Mazatec, Mixtec, Zapotec) ed nieber lands; ed (6), Tarascan, un genetic-ye isolat bahsa in West Mexico. Parts ios classification ab Sapir, besonters eys grupp 4 (Hokal-Sioux) sont reject nundiens.
Eni id Amerindian grupp kam definiht ab Greenberg id diversitat est mierer in Sud America (pati id Caribe area, quer ne minter quem 118 familias ed genetic-ye isolat bahsas hant esen identifien). Ir numer maght shayad bihe reducto do takriban 90, ob different familias in id eust os Sud America hant est comjamiyet do id Macro-Je grupp. Alya large familias sont ia Arawak, Caribe, Chibcha ed Tupi bahsas (bayght-yod Guarani, bahn in Paraguay). Sems iom importantst walsk bahsas in Sud America sont genetic-ye independent : Quechua, id bahsa im Incas, samt takriban 8,5 millions bahtorn in Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador ed Peru; Aymara, samt takriban 2 millions bahtorn in Bolivia, Chile ed Peru; ed Mapuche in Argentina ed Chile.
Herender : Maps iom respective cultural areas iom Englisch, Franceois, Espaniol, Arab, Rusk ed Portughesche bahsas :
Ia Hindeuropay bahsas[]
Est un large linguistic familia gnaht in West Eurasia. Comprindt pleist bahsas Europe con ta ios nord ios Hindi Subcontinent ed ios Irani plateau. Oiks tom bahsas, kam Englisch ed Espaniol, hant se spohrn per colonisation unte ia moderne tids ed sonti nun bahn ep vasya continents. Id Hindeuropay familia esti dividen do plura branches wa subfamilias. Bayna-ya, ia bahnst bahsas sont Espaniol, Englisch, Hindustani, Portughesche, Bangla-bahsa, Panjabi ed Rusk, ielg samt meis quem centen millionen materbahtorn. Deutsch, Franceois, Marathi, Italian ed Parsi hant ielg meis quem penkgimtia millionen. In summ, 46% ios tienxia population baht un Hindeuropay bahsa ka materbahsa, dalgtos id mierst linguistic familia.
Vasya Hindeuropay bahsas sonti descendants oins prehistoric bahsa, reconstructios ka Oraryios, bahn unte id neolithic era. Ids preciso geographic tolp, ids "orvatan", esti suppost ab uno majoritat em mualims esus id "Kurgan hypothese", yani in id Pontic Steppe (vide article : Oraryi).
Quayque est artificial, Sambahsa est unschi Hindeuropay bahsa ob sien grammatical kweits.
Sei excludmos ia mortu subfamilias (besonters Anadoludan kam Hittite, ed Kuchi quod eet bahn in hoydic Xinjiang), en ia moderne branches :
Armene[]
Id Armene bahsa (հայերեն/hayeren) est id saul representer siens branche. Est id official bahsa Armenias ed ios de facto Respublic Artsakh. Esti scriben med sien wi systeme, id Armene alphabet, introducen in 405 ab iom pryster Mesrop Maschtots.
Arya bahsas[]
Ta bahsas oiskeipe id largest ed meist-ye sudeusti branche ios Hindeuropay linguistic familia. Hant meis quem pwolter milliard bahtorn, strehcend ex Europe (Cigans), Tyrkia (Kurds), Cavcase (Irons) tiel eustworts-ye do Xinjiang (Sarikoli) ed Assam (Assamese), ed sudworts-ye tiel Sri Lanka (sinhala) ed ia Maldives. Eti sont large diaspora communitats em aryobahtors in Nordeust Europe (Uniet Roydem), Nord America (USA ed Canada) ed Australia.
Id commun atav tom quant bahsas est kalt Samaryo, eet-yod bahn takriban unte id serto trit millennium pre JC. Ia tri branches iom moderne aryen bahsas sont Hindaryo, Irani, ed Nuristani.
Hindaryo[]
In-kap id XXIsto secule, hindarya bahsas sont bahn ab meis qem 800 millions leuden, khaliban in Hind, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan ed Sri Lanka.
Irani bahsas[]
In 2008, materbahtors tom irani bahsas eent vohrt inter 150 ed 200 millions, bayna-ya Parsi, Pashtan, Kurd ed Balochi.
Nuristani[]
Ia Nuristani bahsas hant takriban 130 000 bahtors khaliban in Eust Afghanistan ed in pauk adjacent dals os Pakistan.
Balt-Slav[]
Tod grupp om bahsas esti dilt inter Balt ed Slav bahsas :
Ia Balt bahsas :[]
Eent divis do dwo grupps : westbalt (mathalan prussisk) ed eustbalt, bet nundiens tik ia eusbalta Lietuvan ed Latvian hant surviven.
Ia Slav bahsas :[]
Ta bahsas oiskeipe uno magno branche iom Hindeuropay bahsas. Sont enderkwiten biadet inter eust-, west- ed sudslav. Takriban 300 millions leuden bahnt oino ios dwogimtia slaven bahsas ka materbahsa; 400 millions sei bihnt inclus i dwoterbahtors. Id dalgtos bahtsto slav bahsa est Rusko samt takriban 150 millions em materbahtors. Alya significant slav bahsas sont Polec ed Ukrainsk (iter samt penkgimtia millionen bahtorn).
Celtic bahsas[]
Unte id prest millennium pre JC, Celtic bahsas eent bahn in id major part Europes ed in Asia Minor. Nundiens, sont restrict ei nordwest frange Europes ed paukims diaspora communitats. Sont quar gwiv bahsas : Cumraeg, Breithenic, Eirean ed Alban Gaelic. Quanta sonti minoritar bahsas in ira respective lands, quayque sonti mudam efforts kay gwinwes ia. Cumraeg est un official bahsa in Cumri ed Eirean est un official bahsa os Erin ed ios Europay Union. Cumraeg est id saul Celtic bahsa non classifiet ka endangert ab id UNESCO.
Germanic bahsas[]
Ta sont un branche ios Hindeuropay linguistic familia bahn ka materbahsas ab takriban 515 millions leuden, khaliban in Europe, Nord America, Oceania ed Austral Africa. Id meist bahn Germanic bahsa, Englisch, est tienxia bahnst lingua samt quasi dwo milliards bahtorn. Vasya Germanic bahsas descende ex Orgermanic, baht in isernaiwa Danmark ed Norddeutschland.
Hellen[]
Est un independent branche ios Hindeuropay linguistic familia, native ex Hellad, Cypros, Schkiperia, alya parts ios Eustmediomar ed ios Kyehrsen Mar. Hat id diust-ye documenten historia ex vasya gwiv hindeuropay bahsas, niscribneut pon minst-ye 3500 yars. Idso scribsysteme hat esen id Hellen alphabet unte id major part ids historia.
Italic[]
Ia Italic bahsas include ia romanc bahsas ed un certaino numer om extinct bahsas, kam latin, ed alya bahsas bahn unte Antiquitat ep id Italian peninsule. Ia Romanc bahsas sont moderne bahsas qua deriveer ex vulgar latin inter ia VIt ed IXt secules; nundiens takriban 800 millions leuden hant un romanc lingua ka materbahsa, khaliban in Europe, America; ia penk importantst romanc bahsas sont taiper Espaniol, Portughesche, Franceois, Italian (70 millions) ed Romune (25 millions).
Schkip[]
Id schkipo bahsa (gjuha shqipe) comprindti dwo subgrupps, toskë ed gegë, baht respective-ye in sud ed nord Schkiperia. Sem studyes suggeste od leitti de id wahid surviver ios illyric gruppios baht xiawngja ep id sudwest balkanic peninsule, menxu alyi mayne od maghiet ses gendel con ia awa thraci ed dac. Tod bahsa est nundiens khaliban baht in Schkiperia, Kosovo, Nord Makedonia, Montenegro ed Serbia.