Bioethique (ex Englisch bioethics, werdo creet in 1970 ab Van Rensselaer Potter) kyeust ia moralitatsquestions de ia recent antslehnkens iom sciencen os gwit ed medicin.
Bioethique hat preter chohxen ia moralitatsquestions dayir ia techniques modifiend id origin ed id fin os gwit (in vitro behrnteihsa, preimplantator diagnose, suadauneteihsa). Se hat poskwo interessen vasyims brineghs iom biotechnologias, besonters ex genetique qua permitte sem manipulations (creation om genetic-ye modifiet organismes, clonen).
Rhomay version ios Hippocrates oit ex id XIIt secule. Tod texte, shayad ex id IVt secule pre JC, est traditional-ye swohrt ab lieks in Occident pre inkapent iro profession. Est ayn ka id dehtortexte os medical deontologia.
Historia tos concept[]
Id daumen au id beghspace denunciation im menscen vis-à-vis science in general, ed idsmee medecin, ne est nov. Hippocrates (460-377 pre JC) hiebit pagen ka prest un code quod controlit id "activitat" (τεχνη) iom lieks : id daftier dasturs om respect ed rects al patient, recognihn ka mensc. Idghi atav os bioethique, ed ids prest applicationscamp, est id medical ed savanto deontologia : id kamus iom moral dasturs pro ta praxis. Id naudh os reconcepe deontologia est yaschi id fruit os recent historia. Id XXt secule est proaiwo pregen ab ia horrors forfacen in ia Nazi camps : "experiments" bezielend teste id resistence iom corpsen in extreme situation ed suagehnia siyassa (sterilisation im "nevanschims", suadaunteihsa im "rhayr-schifims", extermination iom "inferioren racen"). Bet dehlgmos mehme od vasya, occidental au ne, nations (Japan, Uniet Stats os America, Sveden, Hind, Peru, Israel) pre Nationalsocialisme ed diu pos id, buir involwt in id ideologia os suagehnia, yando in id nam os hygienisme au ios "familia planning".
Ghabmos od bioethique bevidt sem particular attention ibs, bariem legal, conditions, in-ya un experiment ep un mensc poitt, sekwent id formule os C.Bernard in eys Introduction à la médecine expérimentale (1865), "walihes". Betschi nos est zaruri observe od id est interrogabund ia institutional siyassas - besonters de gnahsa control - ed ia civencheusa. Trans id angho quader iom professional moralitats, id sok po dasturs au "loys", bioethique ghi est un privileget daumensloc de ia politic wirts iom democratic societats.
Bet, ob id se interesset ad singular situations, id impliet, in democratia, lure, responsibilitat, individual conscience. Leudher swobehanden wehst diksbegrancen ab uno naudh os decos quos bertor sont ia menscenrects. Dat sien definition ed sien triple -individual, professional ed politic- applicationscamp, bioethique yinjier gwehmt khaliban ender un pragmatique.
Est eti semper submitten ad nov questions ob ia taraghs os medical paursken. Pon id instehlen ios assisten reproduction au in vitro behrnteihsa hat prohpt id urgence ios ethic reflexion de artificial insemination samt spender, preimplantator diagnose, id neud em "abandon" pioric embryens, besonters dank ia orbats ios "pater ias prest Franceois in vitro baby" (1982), J.Testart.
In Cypros, in Thayland kam in pleist US Stats, id preimplantation genetic diagnose permitti chuses id sexe uns purt concept per fecundation in vitro. Bet nuntos, nu-bayeiht id possibiltat, ja experimenten in China, os modifie id genome uns embryo ye un precoce stadium, id triumph os transhumanisme - sammel inegalitar ed suagehnian prospects bohrt ab i tarafdars ios genetic-ye augmentet mensc.
Id In vitro fertilisation est un proceddat in-yod un oiv biht combinet ad sperma exter id corpos, in vitro (yani "in glas"). Tod proceddat involvt uperwakhe ed oistimule id oivgehnend process uns gwen, strage oin au plur oivs ex ays ovaria ed sines sperma fertilise ia in un liquid in un laboratorium. Id fertiliset oiv (zygote) biht kult unte 2-6 diens, poskwo biht transferto do id gwelbh ias sam au alyas gwen, kay hassile un kamyapt setus.
Tod schema keipt un intracytoplasmic sperma injection.
Nov medical prospects ed ethic debats[]
Medicin hat nuntos un predictive dimension : id aunstehgen iom genetic basen om certain siuges permitt tyices genetic diagnose ed "radh". Bet kam parat est un "riskwent" anghen ad aure el kwehndsiet, mathalan, un Huntington siuge, quod waust in un extreme physic ed mental degradation, ed contra-yod est neid ilaj ?
Medical assist reproduction se articule con tod predictive medecin aun se reduce ei. Elghi embryo ghehde daughe pro experiments, bihe un reserve om stammcells - "pharmacs" genetic-ye adapten iri emtor : to est kalen "non-reproductive clonen". Sem firmas propone ja ad meg riche clients oistocke pro i sem "pharmac-cells" kay reconstruge future-ye sem sauken memsa. Dehlgent ta praxis, kam id Catholic Kyrk eiskwt, bihe aunstohmen ?
Quan inkapt gwit ? Quan biht un embryo do gwolbh, do possible mensc ? Ia antwehrds different inter ia societats - tetos ia different mukhlas inter behrnteihsa ed SSS (suwen setus stop) sekwent ia lands, quando ta ne bane abortion.
Quando stopt gwit ? Quando poitt anghen decide "bragvye" id paytten uns mehrnd au meg invalid mensc ? Qua operations au experiments poitte bihe tyicen ep menscens in stand os kersmohrt ? Memsen transplantes ed palliative kaurs sont cadadien confronten tibs questions. Quod magh poitt bihe bugen uper gwit ed mohrt ? Kam plaut-ye poitt el mensc decide de to ? Ia schweizer centre qua offerte "chust mohrt" hant biht locs gwaht ex hol Europe ? Tehrpt id massoulia ios cheus bihe likwn ibs medical swoins, we propones reglaments ed legs ?
Pro-abortion demonstrants in Argentina. In tod Stat, abortion est tik legal sei ia gwen buit dwinghyohbhen, sei id setus endanger ayso sieune we el fetus est kersmohrt. Dien 8 Augusto 2018, id Senat hat reject un plautereihsa tos rect, maghses sub pressem ios influent Catholic Kyrk.
Clonen, genetic-ye modifiet organismes ed plantes[]
Genetic manipulations besweurghe. Id collective imaginarium est ubfallen ab ia maschour contra-utopias, kam Brave New World ab A.Huxley (1931) quod dik id genetic programmation clonen enderkwiten sekwent ia collective naudhs, quod nullificit individual singularitats. Woidam tuntos od id antslehnken al embryes est plaut-ye submitten ibs exchanges con els ambient : id coschmar ios production menscen identic ad mutu keiht ep neid scientific mukhtmelia. Id ban os menscclonen dehlct taiper bihe bemohnt sekwent adpeurtensquestions ed ne id vol os preserve singularitats.
Id debato de genetic-ye modifiet organismes ed plantes (GMOs & GMPs) remant akster. Modernitat ghyienskwit un bewaldht mund. Api kwecto leusmos id waldh uper nies technologia, neti sagvmos previde ids effects. G.Anders (1902-1992) kiel to id "promanthusic schift".
Id neiskwn diaspehren iom modifien (wa khimeric) gens endanger biodiversitat. Ia divers EU institutions (Commission, Parlament, EU khassiat securitatsagence) ne samstehme de id tolerable contaminationsnivell. Id opinion sweurght de id technic ed/au bureaucratic kweitu tom debats : kwe ne vasyi civs, samt due information, dehlgient decide de id future os biodiversitat.
Animal ed vegetal genetic modification orneuwt also un soltaragh os ieus. Kwe est legitim an id modifien gen sia intellectual vetat siens conceptor, es quel hat patentiren id ? Quod diksanalyse pro ids, hatta neiskwn, diaspehren ? Kwe sont enderkweittu different vetatsnivells : id vetat ios agher ud id vetat iom plantes buwt in tod agher. Kwe el suter ios contaminet suter dehlgiet payghe un neudujrat quod el ne habiet leudher-ye consent ?