Recent paurskens tarikhient inter -463 ed -383 id gnahsa os quom Buddha-dharmins name "iom Buddha", yani iom Buden, Shâkyamuni ("is Shâkya-mon"), Siddhartha Gautama, quo iom kwehriet iom quasi exact samzaman os Socrates. Is Buddha, sekwent id doctrine, est neter un div, ni un prophet, sontern uno mensco nalus, per sien saul efforts, id ethic, meditative ed intellectual perfection. Son uns kuning qui regnit uper un region lyehgend nundiens-ye suder quem Nepal, is bodhisattva (future Buddha) passit preter part siens gwit in plaisures, datschi, sekwent id legend, un hakime hiebit presaygen eysi pater, roy Shuddhodana, od Siddhartha bihiet auter uno megil roy, au uno megil ascete. Kay gwupes iom apo id tentation os tyehgven, is roy palatbohnd iom, quer is hieb kowpen plaisures ed combinen leiks. Iswert prince kamyieb salge id ed kwohr tri afflictive encontrens (un decrepit geront, un sieug, un cadaver) ed un inspirant incontren : un perfect-ye serene tyehgver. Also optit is pro ascetic gwit; is oispens plur yars in meditation ed austeritat, pre is chus quo est kalt id "medio via", rejecend sammel ia sensual ed imaginar amors ios mundsgwit, ed ia mortificator excessa im tyehgvers os sien tid. Ne tehrbent bihe confus hinduisme, dominant Religion os moderne Hind, prolongation ios awios brahmanisme, ed Buddha-dharma, quod hat amalan dispariht ex Hind pon id muslim invasion (XIt secule).
Contend inter 300 ed 400 millions tarafdarn, pleist-ye in Asia, Buddha-dharma buit propagen ab un sage os antique Hindo gnohn sub id nam Buddha. Gnahn inter 520 ed 480 pre JC, norder quem Varanasi, in id Shakya teut (quo ei hat valen seter bihe namt "Shakyamuni", yani "Shakya-ascete"), Siddharta, is future Buddha, kalen Gautama, sekwent id nam os sien genti, biht ye balirh oumer un errant biku, qui daumt de id mysteir om paytten ed mohrt. Is gnoht tun un spiritual experiment is ayt sien "beuden" (Bodhi), quetos id nam "Buddha" ("buden") is behrsiet tuntos. Pau pos, in un bosc prokwem Varanasi, swehrt ant penk disciples sien presto sermon, id "Dharmakwekwl Prowehrten Sutra" (Sanskrit : Dharmacakra Pravartana Sūtra). Con sien prestens disciples, skeipt id embryo siens biku-samghat, pro quos organisation is consecret id reste os sien gwit, sammel quem is begwaht id medyo boengi ios Ganges prechend-ye sien doctrine ed vehrbhend-ye multens dyindars. Mehrt meg at, entrend it id pace ios "parinirvana" ("peri-nirvana"). Id doctrine ios Buddha se resumet do id lohr ios "Aryoctenmarche", unios methode kay aunstehge id sontia kohlen apter apparences, ed kay se lures ud illusions, passions ed gvol. Ex id hindu cred sekwent quod ielg mohrt est sohkwt ab un regnahsa, is Buddha prechet lakin id naudh os brehge tod aunfin zangir iom successive existence, un solgo leuren permittend saul guses id felicitat ios Nirvana. Quar "arya sontias", qua is ascete habiet enuncet unte sien Varanasi sermon, sont id base os Buddha-dharmas ordoctrine : menscenexistence est universal ed permanent paytten; tod paytten hat sien originum in wehnosghigda, quod keiht ep uno negnohsa ios kenos ed ios evanescence os druve; paytten ghehdt bihe kardehn ab id suppression os wehnos in id access do nirvana; id "marche" quod permitt id ed quod siet procure id "beuden", yani id ghaben ios "druve" tuntro kohlen ab illusion, est un tepos comprindend plur etapes.
Ia elements ios doctrine[]
Semper khaliban ab id Varanasi Sermon (supposen ses id prest logos ios Buddha pos eys beuden) sont presentet ia suls ios Buddha-dharmin lohr : ia quar arya sontias (paytten, ghigda, nirvana ed id itner).
Buddha-dharma, nekam alya religions au philosophias, start ex id consideration ios gvolic kweit os gwit. Do id rubric ios paytten deht Buddha-dharma tem ia aziyats qua afflige id corpos quem vasya nuances om frustration, deception au angst qua dayim ed subtile-ye belaste noster joys, esdi nos kwehkent ia meist perfecta. Paytten dar esiet neid, nos saygent ies Buddha-dharmin autors, sei ghehdiemos bariem hakan mehre, sei Mohrt esiet ids final point : tehle gwit esiet tik un question de patience, ed poskwo, sekwent id stoiciste formule, id dwer esiet semper ghyanen - id possibilitat os suicide, pors ye cada instant, nos garanticiet contra id druv desperation. Api, sekwent i Buddha-dharmins, neid hassile tos genos est dahn ad nos; erreneums pon "auninkapem tids" in quo i Tupeudis kale "id existencen cycle". Id image os buddha-dharma ka uno men ios gwivstrieke ne est ghaw.
Ghigda (autah, sekwent pleist alter textes ios tradition, ignorance, non-science) est id origin ios paytten. Ye id merit, leit de un turben styorga keihnd ep un ghawo vido de seswo ed de alter sesens -ed retro-pinwndo tod sam illusion : est id atmengreipen = Sanskrit âtmagrâha. Id ego, tem quem id identitat es cada ses au os cada ject, est, pro Buddha-dharmins, uno mer nominal ed mental superimposition glehmernd ep id psychic ed corporal realitat, idpet ayt ka ne meis quem un aunstop flux om micri wakyas kittarascend do un causal process kalen "condition coproduction". Id sulconcept os Buddha-dharma est tod os causalitat. Neid est ei meis rhayir quem id dayi om transcendanta dasturs, au uns radical origin ios mund : terghi vasya phenomens sont kwahn ka projecen ab id conjunction om fauran prever wakyas. Eti, reflexion-ye, kwecto est difficil, in id Buddha-dharmin ontologia, enderkwites id ses os un ject ed ids action - quo id consist hois, ed quo id kwehrt ciois (ids effectivitat ed ids efficience). In to, Buddha-dharmin est un atheisme unios megil radicalitat, uno men os pur immanence, esdi, object ios trit aryios sontia, id admitt id possibilitat uns radicalios leuren ud id samsâra ("semper-salgen").
Id synthese iom dwo presten sontias nos bringht do id dayi sekwent-yod, sei id existence est muschkil, weyge smos idsi stiftors newissab nosswo - we, kay nudes un wekwos quod bespehct id "ne-swo" prabhil, id gwit al Individu est uno nisbatan swobod process, quod gehnt seswo sub id waldh os illusion ed sub id pussire om forliten passions. Id nirvana (= "niwehn"; nekam sien popular usage, tod lexis ne connotet sahidia) esiet id definitive abolition os paytten, hassilet kyeimend-ye id process ios conditionen coproduction ios samsâra. Sei id neweida est id parent iom vain passions qua induce nies gvolic errance, tun, med id suspension tos cause quod bestehmtids production, idschi paytten ghehdt gwehme do sien fin. Nirvana est pau descript med positive lexis, besonters in id literature ios prever Buddha-dharma; lakin est neid sabab bi-yod vide ter uno mer perneicen, uno mergen do nischto, fruit ios abolition ios "gwivskwen".
Id de itner, quayque id est object vasyalgen presentations in id tradition, simplest remant dahe un ijmal uper id med un evocation idsen tri magnen practice components : ethic discipline (shila), anamnese (samâdhi) ed discernment wa mensdeh (prajñâ). Nekam Stoicisme, Buddha-dharma ne nos endemeurt ad abdehe ex abrupto ud nos ia vain passions, nischi fikert, , nekam Epikwrisme (quodeti samkwehct id sub certain regards) od est kafi demonstre id Absurditat uns aysa (suppose : os mohrt ka un khitert, pro antique materialism) kay bihe ludhert ud id. Petis sontern, ob id bemehnt id menscment ka un causal process, Buddha-dharma volt ses uno methode quod, agend ep certain determinant factors, influent ia elements qua ta conditionent, inducend sentern modifications qua retro-influent preters. Also, med ethic discipline, Buddha-dharma nos propont renaurdhnes nies gwit ed sutes id substragend-ye id ud ia magna causes os inner trouble, quo est supposto sammel sakwnihes passions ed favorise luciditat. Anamnese, in classic Buddha-dharma, consist khaliban id antplehcen os tanken - terschi, kay rehve id ud diaspehren ed aptihes id ad se mayster. Aun to, vasya moral exhortations, radhs, hatta ia fruits os philosophic reflexion esient vain, id ment remanend pior bfuciautaung ad sib dahe id vanschim druna, tem ye id gon ios prabh conduct quem ye id gon ios ver bren. Bad, id discernment hat ka magno ziel id cghaben ios ne-swo ed os ids antiokw, id condition coproduction. Id menos pacifien ab id weiden uns conduct rulen ed clarifien ab anamnese biht sammel meis lucid, meis-ye suamenos dia un vertato tem contrar ibs passionwent illusions in-ya id gegwivit tuntro eti ghehdend brunges id. In id traditionalo literature os Buddha-dharma, id itner ducend ei nirvana est presenten ka un profund ed gradual metamorphose ios wehrgregime ios ment (eti meis quem uno mer inflexion ios gwitsdruna), fruit uns baygh demandant ed prolongen ascese.
(c) Tracy Spencer
Ia ulterior evolutions[]
Buddha-dharma hat neidloc remant pagen in sien presto stand, qua ghohd bihe tik tarken ed qua ne tehrbient bihe imaginen ka conform ad quo hant bihn ids branches qua se aynt ia conservativest - kam id Theravâda wa "Ancianen Itner", khaliban diaspohrn do Sri Lanka ed in Sud-Eust Asia (ploisko Vietnam quer Buddha-dharma comsehkwt id Chinese tradition). Norder (Tupeud, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan), id dyinen Buddha-dharma est tod ios Megil Yana (Mahâyâna). Dwoter kweit ud preter od id meis-ye kyunggiawt tienxia tongjon, quod ne biht ayn ter ka tod mer dabronia dia vasyens sesens, menscens ed ne-menscens, gnohn ab vasya formes os Buddha-dharma. Id aunsamia os Mahâyânas tienxia tongjon est od impliet id gwaukania os wehrge po id hassile ios "supreme ed perfect beuden", med alya werds id stand os Buddha, klut saul ghehdend parkwehre alyes wesu ye un quasi aunfin weidos. Mahayana hat producen un abundant philosophic literature uns hogios qualitat. Maght hatta bihe daumt kweter ne ter tehrbiet bihe paursct po id aum-ye suastructsto speculative men alnos exter id sphere iom mens meis au minter enraudhen in id hellen tradition.