Catholic Kyrk

Etymologia: Ex awo hellen καθόλου = "general, daydey" ed κυριακον = "bayghend iom Poti".

Definition: Est kyusen ka Catholic Kyrk id importantst Christian agama, yaschi kalen Roman Kyrk, organisen sub id autoritat ios Papp. Catholicisme defineiht id doctrine ios Catholic Kyrk.

Papp Leo XIV (gnaht ka Robert Francis Prevost dien 14 September 1955) est is 267im rayso ios Catholic Kyrk ed is souverain ios Vatican. Est is prest papp gnaht in ia Uniet Stats os America, is presto samt ia civstands iom US ed os Peru, ed is second (pos sien fauric predecessoro Franciscum) ex America

Id importance ios Papp

Id question de ia rol ed magh ios Papp est central quando leit de definihes quo kwehrt id originalitat os catholicisme bayna wiswa Christian agamas.

Id religieus preeminence mutalbet ab iom episkep os Rome est due historia. Quando Cesar Constantinus decidt, pos legalisevs id in 313 (Milan edict), buwes christianisme id ideologic base uns udnoven Roman Imperium, is episkep os Rome wehst ipso facto investiht samt un particularo prestige. Yed is dehlct quasi fauran oismyehre id con sien homologh ios nov nagor, Constantinople, quo gehnsiet futur conflicts. Kay kyunggiawe sien difference ed ischbate sien primatia, is roman pontific, qui biht kalt papp, trehft un argumentation in id Euanghelio : Christ investeihvs Saint Peter samt id wanakia ios Kyrk (Euanghelio sekwent Matyah, XVI, 17-19) ed tom, martyrisen in Rome sub Nero, esend ayt iom prest episkep ios urb, eysi successors sont ies supreme pastors ios Christian popule. Id primatia ios Roman seddos, contestet ab iens rhomay cesars ed patriarchens, biht definitive-ye pagen quan id novo frank dynastia iom Carolings ijapt independence ed territorial seddos ei pappdem conferend-ye ei id souverainitat uper central Italia : tod sprijin daht un concret mathmoun ei pontifical autoritat. Po to, papp Leon III restauret pro Charlemagne id Occident Imperium (800).

Unte hol Mediev, id suprematia ios papp, elegen ab un college om episkeps investihn samt id titule "cardinal", biht contesten tik marginal-ye. Ye id XVt secule, id solution ios crise ios Occidental Schisme - inner conflicts hieb ducen do elege sammel dwo papps quoy diwid mutu - kardwnt per un khvil id autoritat iom concils ye id detriment tos iom pontifics, yed senters vahnt oku restaure ir plena maghs. Luther attaquet, inter alya, tod omnipotence in 1520. Bet contestend-ye id Roman Kyrk in unschi theologic werden, id protestant Reformation obliget catholicisme ad se definihes doctrinal-ye.

Tienxia lands ed dems quer catholicisme predominet

Catholicisme ed modernitat

Tod doctrinal instehlen est id fact ios Trento Concil : bet wawod id eiskwt ses preter un Contrareformation, id wardht eni un defensive prospecto quod impliet mentstehven ed yinjier conservative stands. Neid fundamental changet, ia dogmes contesten ab id Reformation bihnt confirmet; dalg ud bihe enquestiont, id kyrkshierarchia, id autoritat ios pappios bihnt kardwnt ed id control ios civil societat crisct.

Quayque positive resultats bihnt fauran hassilet, tod attitude vaht lakin vyiges uper id future ios catholic Kyrk, bihvs mistreusend, hatta hostile dia quo est nov. It start un durable conflicto con ia philosophic, scientific manifestations unios modernitat quod ye id sam moment ia Reformationskyrks integre meis facil-ye.

Talga combats bihnt rar-ye sohlen. Pos wehlpus oiswaurge, hatta pernices id protestant "heresie", Rome dehlct se resigne ad ei linkwes, ye id XVIIt secule, id dwidel os Europe. Inkapt tun un longo conflicto con rationalitat, product ios scientific revolution aurghneut pon Renaissance. Id Catholic Kyrk it keunct de accepte id nov image ios universe induct ab id systeme os Coppernic. Ab id XVIIIt secule, id moderne men se defineiht contra id ed id philosophia iom Lumens combat id ouvert-ye.

Solidar ios absolutisme id hat contribuen legitime, id wehst naturelika engagen - nespekent id personal cheus multen clermembern - do id camp im duschmans ios Franceois Revolution ed id dadwt un plaut part ios ideologic argumentarium ios Contrarevolution. Pos 1815, id oistaht gwaukan-ye ye id gon im tarafdars ios restauration iom monarchic maghs ed, amend ia structures ios prev, id ne vighapt ia social consequences ios Industrial Revolution. Tod constance in ia retroguardia combats dreibht id malamor om stets plauter populationschikhts. Yant in-kap id XIXt secule, religieus intellectuals, kam in France Lamennais au pater Lacordaire, se emove de to ed tente inflecte ia politic ed social orientations ios Kyrk. Bihnt desapprobet ab Rome ed, in 1864, pappo Pius IX aunstehmt solenn-ye vasya moderne wirts : democratia, liberalisme, socialisme, syndicalisme, religieus pluralisme, rationalisme (Quanta cura ed Syllabus encyclics). Eiskwnd conserve id PontificStat id pappdem ee-behandneut in Italia pon meis quem mil yars, is refuset id Italian unitat ed silah-ye is roy os Italia vilambht Rome (1870) : Pius IX se ayt tun voluntaro prisoner in id Vatican.

Ye tod zaman, id Vatican I concil kardwnt aunmeid-ye ia spiritual maghs ios papp, declaret infallible de religion. Menxu absolutisme swehndt ex id politic scene, id Catholic Kyrk samkwehct un absolut monarchia ob sieno mutalba os spiritual ed dogmatic monopol.

Waurntos photographia ios Citad ios Vatican eni id urbo Rome. Id circule os Saint Peter Place est facil-ye recognible, tem quem id fassade ed id coupel ios samnam basilic. Dexter quem tod oistrehc ia palats ed museia ed, apter, lyehge id glendia iom Vatican Gardens. Id Stat ios Citad ios Vatican (official-ye in Italian : Stato della Città del Vaticano), wa, corter, id Vatican, est un civitat, idghi tienxia smulksto souverain Stat, kweter ob sien population (605 weikers) au sien superficie (0,44 km²), yed ne est semper ayt un "genuin Stat" ob sien functional buhsa. Tod Stat gnahsit in 1929 sekwos id signature iom Lateran Traiteits inter Italia ed id Iser Seddos. Id rays tos independent enclave eni Rome est is Papp. Id official bahsa est Italian, ed neudt id Euro ka rawaj. Id Vatican est ops confus con id "Iser Seddos", quod est id tienxia gouvernement ios Catholic Kyrk : ids wanak est is Papp, elegen ab iens cardinals (minter quem 80at), hat Latin ka official bahsa (yed neudt Franceois ka default bahsa pro sien destull influento Diplomatia). Id Schweizer Guardia (official bahsa : Deutsch) swekwehrneut id protection ios Vatican pon 1506.

Id aggiornamento ios Kyrk

Id pontificat os Leon XIII (1878-1903) start id abandon tos seculat creispen ed un serie readjustementen, qua sessient kyust ye id XXt secule med id Italian werd aggiornamento ("ubnuwen"). Sub id impulsion tos realiste papp, id Kyrk se distancet ud politic reactionisme ed, bilhassa, ambact do un social siyassa (Rerum Novarum encyclic) qui gehnsiet syndicats ed un levter os catholic inspiration. Bet id ouverture remant prudent : id anticlericalisme ios franceois gouvernement iom 1900ens, id Russian revolution ed id apparition uns aggressive-ye atheiste communisme, id pressem uns catholic opinion quod hat remanto majoritar-ye conservative kyeime id adaptationsmovment ei moderne mund. Pos Mund Weir Dwo, maungs mambhsient ad pappo Pius XII ne aunstehmus netter-ye ia exactions os nationalsocialisme. Id druv aggiornamento ubgwehmt bad pos id election os Iohannes XXIII in 1958. Id mutten ios Vatican II concil (1962-1965) orneuwt un genuin change ed un tem udnoven quem ia theologic decisions emen ab tod samghat sont sigwra ia importantsta id Catholic Kyrk gegnohsit pon ta ios Trento Concil. Smad udwekwne un effort kay refocuse id Kyrk ep id communitat im dyindars ed ne ep id cler, un ouverture kyalter Kyrks ed hatta kyalter religions, un liberalisation per id recognition os leudher menos, quo baygh enderkweit-se ud id prev intransagence.

Archiepiskep Sviatoslav, Patriarch ios Ukrainsk Hellen-catholic Kyrk, preimt Papp Francisco. Id Ukrainsk Hellen-catholic Kyrk (Ukrainsk : Українська греко-католицька церква), med 5,2 millions dyindaren, est id mierst iom Oriental Catholic Kyrks (Latin : Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales). Ta kyrks recogneihnt id primatia ios Roman Papp, bet gweupe ir wi swobodia ed reuls (sui juris), besonters id oriental rite.

Un Kyrk in chitay ?

Face uno mund in oku evolution ed quer ia Christian wirts neti sont ia sauls qua daughent ka ethic references, ei Catholic Kyrk namoliet integre id change iom mores. Id rigiditat idsen structures, loikwn od ids historia, desvantaget id semper binisbat ia urander protestant Kyrks.

Esdi maghent ses justifiet in un religieus ed theologic prospect, certain stands dayir sexual moralitat au id definition os gwit remanent duskwaht ab id opinion. Id monarchic buhsa ios pappdem ed, yinjier, id importance ios personalitat iom pontifics, tengient maungims excessive ed exterzaman in uno mund quod hat alnos integret ia functionsmodus os representative democratia. Id aggiornamento ios Catholic Kyrk ne est bad khatem.

Tos fauric consequence hat est, besonters in Europe, id progress os secularisme. Pon 1970, religieus indifference hat muhim-ye crohsct in id Occident os catholic tradition. Id influence imkan ios Catholic Kyrkios keiht nundiens bilhassa ep Africa ed Latin America, kam diken in 2013 ab id election uns argentin papp, ed in 2025 ab tod uns US papp.