Chinese (中文; Zhōngwén, besonters in reference ei scriben Chinese) est un group om materbahsas ios ethnic Khanrjien Chinese majoritat ed maunga minoritar ethnic grupps in Daygiungwa. Circa 1,3 milliard leuden (wa takriban 16% os tienxia population) baht un varietat os Chinese ka prest lingua.
Ia Chinese bahsas forme id Sinitic branche ios Sino-Tupeudi linguistic familia. Ia baht varietats os Chinese sont biadet ayn ab materbahtors ka dialects uns wahid lingua. Lakin, ir mank os mutupreten maynt od sont yando consideret ka separen bahsas in oin familia. Id sok iom historic sibias bayna ia varietats os Chinese esti dar in druna. Taiper, pleist classifications base inter 7 ed 13 magna regional grupps ep phonetic antslehnkens pon Medyo Chinese, ex-ya id dalgtos bahtst est Mandarin (samt circa 800 millions bahtorn, wa 66%), sohkwn ab Min (75 millions), Wu (74 millions) ed Yue (68 millions, mathalan Guangdungwa). Ta branches ne sonti mutupretable, ed maungs iren subgrupps ne sonti mutupretable eni id sam branche. Sont, lakin, transitionsareas quer varietats ex different branches oismyehrnt kafi samkweitus pro sem limiten mutupreten. Vasya varietats sonti tonal ye bariem sem degree, ed sont plaut-ye analytic.
Ia aussta Chinese scriben documents sont ia Schang dynastia-aiwios oraclenosten inscriptions, ghehdent-ya bihe tarikhet tsay do 1250 pre JC. Ia phonetic categorias Awios Chinese ghehde bihe reconstructa dank ia rimes ios awios poesis. Unte id prist iom Nord ed Sud dynastias, Medyo Chinese subih plur swonchanges ed se divis do plur varietats sekwos prolonget geographic ed politic separation. Qieyun, un rimendictionar, skip un compromiss inter ia pronunciations iom different regions. Ia royal curts iom Ming ed aus Qing dynastias nud un commun lingua (Guanhua) keihnd ep id Nanking dialect os Niter Chang Jiang Mandarin.
Standardo Chinese (wa Standard Mandarin) keihnd ep id Peking dialect os Mandarin, buit widen in ia 1930tias ed est nun official bahsa in bo id Popules Respublic China ed id Respublic China (Taywan), oino om Singapuras quar official bahsas, ed oino iom six official bahsas iom Uniet Nations. Id script forme, neudend ia khanjis, esti smyohrt ab i gramat bahtors om mutupretable dialects. Pon ia 1950tias, id use iom simplifiet khanjis hat esen promoven ab id gouvernement ios Popules Respublic China, menxu Singapura official-ye wid ta simplifiet khanjis in 1976. Hong Kong, Macau, ed alya lands samt significant ultramar Chinese-bahnd koims kam Malaysia (quer, quayque simplifiet khanjis buir widt ka de facto standard in ia 1980tias, ia traditional khanjis remane plaut-ye nuden)
Terminologia[]
« Standardo Chinese », Mandarin ed « Literar/Classic Chinese » sont quanta sem lexis qua se refernt ad different formes ios chinese bahsa, yed hant enderkwiten kwekmors.
- Standardo Chinese : Id Standardo Chinese, wa « Standard Mandarin », est id official standard forme ios Chinese bahsa. Keiht ep id mandarin dialect baht in id region os Peking ed est nudt ka officialo lingua in id Popules Respublic Chine, in Taywan ed in Singapura, tem quem in mult international contextes. Standardo Chinese est id spohrtst forme os Chinese ed est usen in education, media, gouvernemental administration ed interregional communication in China.
- « Mandarin » est ops nudt kay sammel kyuses Standardo Chinese ed id grupp om Chinese dialects ois qua id gwehmt. Mandarin est id mierst familia om Chinese dialects ed biht baht ab id majoritat im Chinese materbahtorn. Ia principal Mandarin dialects sonti ta os Nord China yed existent kathalika regional variantes in alya parts ios lands. Standardo Chinese keiht ep id Peking Mandarin dialect, quo expliet ma biht ops kalen « Standard Mandarin ».
Yinjier, Standardo Chinese (wa Standard Mandarin) est id moderne ed standard forme ios Chinese bahsa nudt in pleist muassir contextes, menxu Literar/Classic Chinese est un awer forme ios lingua, usen khaliban in literar ed academic contextes.
Plack in Pekings Ku-Geong inscript in bo Classic Chinese levi ed Manju dexi. Dat id Qing Dynastia eet tienjien-ye Manju, tod bahsa buit coofficial con Chinese tiel id fin ios Empire in 1912.
Classic Chinese[]
Classic wa Literar Chinese (古文 gǔwén = « awo texte », wa 文言 wényán = « texte bahmen ») est id bahsa ios classic literature ex id fin ios Chunchiu pristios tiel auter id start ios Qin dynastia au id fin ios Han dynastia, un script forme Awios Chinese (上古漢語, Shànggǔ Hànyǔ). Classic Chinese est un traditional style os oiscriben Chinese quod evolvit ex id classic bahsa, enderkweitend id ud quodkwe moderne baht forme os Chinese. Literar Chinese eet nudt pro quasi quant formal scriben in China tiel in-kap id XXt secule, edschi, unte diversa prista, in Japan, Ryukyu, Korea ed Vietnam. Bayna i Chinese bahtors, Literar Chinese hat bihn plaut-ye tayno med Scriben Vernacular Chinese (白話文; pinyin : báihuàwén), un scribstyle samlik ei moderne bahni Mandarin Chinese, menxu bahtors om non-Chinese linguas hant plaut-ye forlikwt Literar Chinese pro ira respective local vernaculars. Quayque ia bahsas hant evolwta do unique, different directions ud Literar Chinese, maung gendelwerds ghehdent dar bihe trohft inter ta linguas qua hant est historic-ye script in Classic Chinese.
Literar Chinese (quod maghiet bihe 漢文 = *khanmwen in Sambahsa) est gnohn ka kanbun in Japanese, hanmun in Korean ed Hán văn in Vietnamese.
Khanjis eent traditional-ye script med uno mawjuiji.
Khanjis[]
Ia khanjis sont logogrammes qua buir antplohcta kay scribe Chinese. Sonti tienxia id meist diutos aunstop nuden scribsysteme. Due ir spohrn actual use unte Downgjien ed Sud-Eust Asia tem quem iro profund historic neud unte id Sinosphere, ia khanjis sont bayna ia tienxia plautst-ye widen scribsystemes in numer usern.
Id total summ om khanjis qua aiw appareihnt in dictionars mikdart myrya, quayque pleista sont graphic variantes, sont obsolete au os un specialiset xeimen. Un diplomeit gramat in scriben Chinese gnoht inter tri ed quar mil khanjis, quayque meisa sonti naudht pro sonterxeimens. In Japan, 2136 bihnti docen in secundar talim (Jôyô kanji) ; plus centens bihnti nuden cadadien. Ob seni simplifications in Japan ed China, sonti nundiens differences inter maung Japanese ed Chinese khanjis.
In Moderne Chinese, pleist werds sont composits oiscriben med dwo au meis khanjis. Nekam ia alphabetic scribsystemes, in-ya ein buksteiv meis au minter correspondt ein phoneme, id Chinese scribsysteme assocyet ielgo logogramme eini hol syllab, edghi maght bihe comparet in sem aspects uni syllabar. Ein khanji quasi semper correspondt ein syllab quodschi est eino morpheme.
Moderne Chinese hat maung homophones ; itak id sam bahn syllab ghehdt bihe kipen med oin ex maung khanjis, sekwent sieno maynen. Oin khanji yaschi habe plur maynens, hatta meg enderkwit maynens, maghent-ya habe different pronunciations. Gendelwerds in ia mult varietats os Chinese sonti daydey script med id sam khanji. In alya bahsas, besonters in Moderne Japanese ed yando in Korean, khanjis sonti nuden kay kipes Chinese launwerds au local werds sonter id Chinese pronunciation (mathalan kun'yomi in Japanese). Sem khanjis hant gwupt ir phonetic elements basen ep iro pronunciation in un historic varietat os Chinese ois-yod gwehment. Ta gospoti adaptations ios Chinese pronunciation sonti gnoht ka Sinoxenic pronunciations ed hant esen util pro id reconstruction os Medio Chinese.
Id page dedien ad Sambahsa ep Baidu, quod est id equivalent os Wikipedia in id Popules Respublic China, land quod restrinct id access ei tienxia internet.
Pinyin[]
Hanyu Pinyin (simplifien Chinese : 汉语拼音; traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; pinyin: hànyǔ pīnyīn), ops-ye bragvto do “pinyin”, est id principal romanisation systeme pro Standard Mandarin Chinese. Est nudt pro auter formal, educative au official ziels in lands quer tod bahsa est official, sont-ya id Popules Respublic China, id Respublic China (Taywan) ed Singapura, tem quem in ia Uniet Nations. Est khaliban uset kay doce Mandarin, normal-ye scriben med khanjis, ad eucers ja familiar con id Latin alphabet. Tod systeme includt quar diacritics denotend tons, yed pinyin aun tonalamats est nudt kay uperwehrte Chinese nams ed werds in bahsas oiscript med ia Latin buksteivs, edschi in certain computer inpiut methodes kay uperwehrte ia khanjis ed in sem Chinese dictionars kay arrange ia entrens. Id werd Hànyǔ (simplifien Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語) literal-ye maynt “Khanrjien bahsa”, ed Pīnyīn (拼音) “bukstiven swons”
Id pinyin systeme buit antplohct in ia 1950tias ab un grupp Chinesen linguisten includend Zhou Youguang ed buit baset ep auser formes om romanisations os Chinese. Buit publien ab id Chinese gouvernement in 1958 ed reviden plurs. Id International Organisation pro Standardisation (ISO) wid pinyin ka international standard, ISO 7098, in 1982 ed buit sohkwn ab ia Uniet Nations in 1986. Peitens kay buwes pinyin standard in Taywan jinkdour in 2002 ed 2009, ed quayque official pon 2009, id ne est bad in general usage.
Ia Pinyin voyels ed semi-voyels daydey corresponde ir SPT equivalents. Lakin, “u” maght yaschi ses {ü} in certain circumstances, ed “ü” est kathalika nudt. Inaccentuen “e” ed “i” maghe ses {ë}. Final “i” pos w/u est {äy} menxu “an” est {än} pos i/y. Ia semi-voyels yando ne sont pronuncet; itak “Pīnyīn” est IPA [pʰín.ín].
Ia approximative SPT correspodances iom consonns : b = {p}, c = {tsh}, ch = {tch}, d = {t}, f = {f}, g = {k}, h = {q}, j = {tx}, k = {kh}, l = {l}, m = {m}, n = {n}, p = {ph}, q = {txh}, s = {s}, sh = {c}, t = {th}, x = {x}, z = {ts}, zh = {tc}. “r” esti special; samkwehct Sambahsa rl/rj quan id ne wehst inter dwo voyels (itak tod orthographia est ops nuden pro Sambahsa werds os Sinitic origin). Final “-ng” = [ŋ], bet, sekwent certain grammatics, id nasaliset (kam in Franceois au in Portughesche) id preceddent “a” au “o”.
In id Peking pronunciation, un final “-n” est yando tayno med “r”.