Etymologia: Ex colonia ("xiti" in Latin, yani un pagos exter ia grances).
Definition: Id lexis colonisation kyeust id dehti om colonias; colonialisme, id ideologia quod justifiet tod praxis.
Un shangsu os Historia[]
Ia migrations om folks ed id installation em lahtors ep id territorium victen sont un shangsu os historia : it hant pact ia actual populations. Biht tolken de "colonisation" kun hant est id fact om organiset Stats po politic au economic ziels.
Yant ia IIIt ed IIt millennia pre JC, mutte in id mediomar mund ia colonial enderghendens om marfolks, kam i Cretics au Ponnims qui seule mult contors (Carthage). Ia hellen citads, ep ir roig in id druna ios 1st millennium pre JC, integre id Eust ed id Sud os Sicilia sub id nam os Megil Hellad, multipliend ia colonial dehtis ep id peripheria ios Inner Mar.
Antique colonias ne remane sub id control irs dehtormetropolis, esdi un contact naduret. Bihnt independent urbs; bet, remanend gospoti ei milieu in-yod sont pact, iage sont, in barbar land, hems os Hellenic influence. Athenas, lakin, dehsiet dwis ia bases uns imperium, pangend con sien colonias un "alliance" (Delos liga ye id Vt, dind ye id IVt secule) quod placet ia in stand os dependence. Bet id enderghenden quod mehldt ia moderne imperialismes - ed quod ibs daughsiet ka model ed reference - est id kittar om krigs ducen ab Rome unte meis quem penk secules (ex id IIIt secule pre JC do id IIt secule).
Pre ses un politic concept, dind un druv universal Stat, id Roman Imperium inkapt med ses un typic-ye colonial systeme : substitution ios roman administration ibs walsk waldhs, installation italianen colons, economic exploitation, introduction om diksreuls ed ios neud os Latin... Id duren, ia populationen peragens, ia cultural exchanges vidahnt tei raymi menghia un druv unitat, yed kam facil id Imperium se dividt ye id IVt secule do dwo entitats deict id persistence iom veut sonterkweits. Kam Sclaverie, colonisationo gnoht un eclipse ye Mediev, esdi ia Cruceades poitte bihe ayt kam un colonial enderghenden; Venezia ed Genua hant also multiplien ia fortifien contors mehmeihnd ia hellen au ponnim colonias os Antiquitat. Lakin, massencolonisation reprehpt bad unte id Era iom Aunstehgens ye ia XVt ed XVIt secules.
Preter europay colonisation (XVIt-XVIIt secules)[]
Persehkwnd sem objectives os economic ed strategic buhsa - sub pretexte os euanghelisation -, ies roys os Espania ed os Portugal, sponsors iom explorationsafers, uperleitent direct-ye do territorial bifangh, hina sib diles id mund, sub id arbitrage ios papp, med id traiteit os Tordesillas (1494).
Unte preter dwidel ios XVIt secule, bo crons constituent ia prest colonial empires iom Moderne Tids, eti os different buhsa : sei i Espaniols annecte inkaptos immense superficies os central ed Sud America ed administrent ia direct-ye, i Portughesches, minter staur, remane derv ei antique-liki contor-bender ed nuktent iommed ia maritim routes kya riche mercats os Eust Asia.
In id druna ios XVIIt secule, Hollanders, Englisch, Franceois imite ed concurrence ia iberic stieures. I presti, ops ye id detriment im Portugheschen, pagent do Indonesia, menxu France ed England entreprinde id colonisation os Nord America. Tod preter colonisation est essential-ye begruns ep economia : fanghe ia wauskproducend zones (Espania), controle id remunerative mercat om colonial wares (Portugal, dind Nederland). Gnaht exschi spontana migrator movs - i Englisch Puritans feugend persecution seulend-ye Massachussetts -, ex meis-ye politic quem economic hissabs - id yeisen franceoisen xitorn do Canada. In vasya falls, est due id maritime expansion iom West Europays, oino iom major facts os tienxia historia ab id XVIt secule.
Ids consequences ep menscens sont dramatic. In America, ia native populations sont sammel victim ios brutalitat iom kreigers ed ios involuntar introduction, ab senters, infectieusen siugen qua obkwehke harbant. Kay abvulbhes id demographic collapse quod iens beghseiht walsk mandover, ies europay colonisators vahnt plane deporte en masse persclawt African Aydokwens, quo addeiht un dwoter disaster ad preter.
Preter colonisationo nact sien apogee ye id XVIIIt secule, contribuendo dahe lyt ed lyt ibs intereuropayims Weirs un tienxia dimension, iens mutaharibs drehdend mutu in ir colonias, ep alya continents. Dwoter dwidel ios secule marct ids brusk decline : in 1763, ies Britisch chasse i Franceois ex Canada; bet oin decen yaren serter, ir befolkenscolonias, ex Massachusetts do Georgia, insurrege ed rehve ir independence in 1783. In 1791, un en masse pamrlan im aydokwen sclaven leuseiht France ids richest "sukerinsule", Saint-Domingue. Ab 1820, i Espaniol colons, instar i US-Americans penkgim yars prever, stahnt ub contra Madrids waldh. Pos 1830, etileikwnt tik vestiges ex xiawngja vast imperia, bet ja id methodic penetration iom Britisch interessen do Hindo mehldt un dwoter colonisator voln.
Dwoter europay colonisation (XIXt-XXt secules)[]
In 1830, id prise os Alger inauguret Algerias krig ab France. Ducen aun precis objectives, adduct do sules un befolkenscolonia medsu un kathire population os Islami civilisation. Ye id sam moment, Hind sleidt tadrijan sub Britisch control ed London xeiht plen souverainitat uper id ab 1858. Pos 1860, ia colonial europay entreprises multiplient-se in Africa, Oceania ed Asia. Tod dwoter colonisationsvoln hat ops ka prest motivation id naudh, pro ia nov weirvaporflottes, os possedde tienxia sem stehmpoints ed sure ghiulsklads; bet id economic dastur se dwinght jaldi, bilhassa pos id 1873 crise quod hat bedwoyiht ia virtuts os leurtorg liberalisme, hostile dia colonial xitus.
Pro ia colonial stieures, id possession uns colonial empire est kwaht ka un zariya kay sib swekwehre un betyeicen om raumaterias ed un privilegen mercat. Servend ia nationaliste sentiments, id kardwnt eti international prestige ed militar imkan, besonters mari. Unte oin pwolsecule, id Uniet Roydem, France, Belgia, Deutschlando deile inter se un payn exploret Africa. I Franceois page do Indochina; Grand Britain, addeihnd ibs befolkenscolonias os preter colonisation un dwoter krigenvoln, creet id aiwo mierst maritim empire, samt takriban 400 millions weikern. In 1914, meis quem id dwidel iom emers lands ios globe sont sub id waldh iom europayen stieures, quer se elaborent plen theorias os imperialisme qua aynt colonisation un dohlg ios blank race, "id behrmen ios blank wir", script is Britisch romanurg Kipling (1865-1936). Tod situation hat ka consequence id oku Globalisation iom europay conflicts ye id XXt secule.
Id facit os colonisation[]
Un historian dehlct se behrge ud cada manichaeisme au ud mer-ye moralisator kehnsens face id colonial phenomen. Aynd ids universalitat in rewos ed wakt, zaruri est recognihes od colonisation eet nevergible, yant i Europays, ye id end ios XVt secule, sielg ir cultural area : fiker id contrar esiet utopia.
Aun nege ia horrors ed aunieusias ia colonial krigs hant dribhen, dehbht bihe consideret od hant ghohden habe - ye longo meiwrnt - semschi ryowkhow effects. Tem quem id brutalitat ios roman expansion, in Antiquitat, hieb viskipt un mier coherent ed positive menghia, ia moderne colonial empires hant ghohden constitue locs om intercultural ghat ed fusion quois original formes os commun civilisation : id fall os Latin America, prever Espaniol empire, est ex tod vidpoint exemplar. Id colonial voln ios XIXt secule hat contribuen exporte ed universalise techniques, methodes, progressbertor dayis : ye id nam iom-pet prabhils os Occident hant ia colonias pamrlanen protiev i Occidentals.
Nundiens, colonial systeme neti kwehct ka tolerable. Lakin, hat id inegalitatsibia inter folks, quod eet idpet base ios colonial systeme dispariht ? Anghen tehrbiet ses nayive kay credihes to. Albatta, neti sont "colonias"; yed existe riche ed pauper lands, tienxia stieures ed smulker Stats qua preters manipule aun aygvos, nations qua conte ed alya qua ne conte... Decolonisation hat deht un fin ibs vidilst ed humiliantst formes os dependence, bet, ne meis quem id triumph os democratia ne hat abolihn ia differences os social condition, hat id suppressen inegalitat inter folks.