Culture buit definiht ab id UNESCO (1982 Mexico Declaration) kam sehkwt : Culture, in sien plautst maynen, est ayto wiswa spiritual ed material, intellectual ed affective kweitus os un societat au social grupp. Id ambghehrdt, ulter arts ed letters, ia gwitsweidsa, ia sulrects al ensan, ia wirtsystemes, ia traditions ed ia creds.
Culture ghi est wiswa gnohsas maystern ab el Individu bayghend sem societat, ye quodkwe individual au collective nivell : wiswa social, religieusa structures ed intellectual, artistic manifestations. In extenso, culture se refert wiswims menscenactivitats. Id diweidt it Nature, idghi ghapt wiswum ayn ka hassile ios spece, sonter ids instinctive, ingnaht heritage. Culture consist id transformation os nature ab el Mensc.
Id werd "culture" gwehmt ex id latin verb colere, yani nies raudh keul. Per sien semantique, culture ghi refert ad themes ka fertilitat, creativitat, production ed spiritualitat. Id reuyden ios ardh, id imkan ad fertilise, bet kathalika id antslehnken ios spirit ed maghses larger-ye id antslehnken im individus oismyehre culture. Biht ghi kathalika definihn per education ed weida.
Ta gnohsas bihnt transmiss med credsystemes, aumum au experimentation. Culture ghi comprindt dwo aspects : id est sammel lahsa iom hassiles kowpen ab prever generations ed mussalsal, dynamic confrontation ielgs individu ad nature. Tel vaht interage con cid mutaformend-ye id, ed sammel se transformend-ye.
Id definition os culture hat richerascen tadrijan, hina bihe awiet nuntos in id plural. Id magno kweitu iom cultures est ya ir incredible diversitat, quod oriet ex id pohltos iom menscenactivitats : arts, creds, gwitsweidsa, wirts, social codes, traditions... Ia maynens iom cultural sulouks varyent aunfin ed behrnt immense potentialitats. Tod pluralitato diweidt unitat, id stabilitat os nature ed id universalitat idsen loys. Culture addeihnt id print al mensc ep nature. El modifiet, keipt ed neudt id kam to dehbht el med bahsas, arts ed techniques. Id influence os culture est dar meis akster obghi se diffundt ed kjiengowasct. Idghi notion os cultural mirath est crucial.
Walt Disney heroys ant id Castell ias Bell Aiwoswohpias in Disneyworld, prokwem Paris, France. Tod US creen park om attractions hat ka vidmark tod Castell, inspiren ex Burg Neuschwanstein, in Sud Deutschland, ed quod enscenet un basmo niscriben ab iom franceois Perrault.
Qua sont ia sibias inter culture ed politique ?[]
Culture hat semper skipen uno major instrument os politic, economic ed diplomatic waldh. Id cultural erkwen oismyehrt besonters id stieure os un civilisation. Culture hat it bihn pro certain lands, special-ye ia Uniet Stats os America, un commercial pand os prest nivell, tem servicend un waldhsiyassa quem gnahr ia concepts om "cultural imperialisme" ed "cultural weir". Culture biht tem exploiten ab politique quem id hat biht un object os major consumm, menxu id remien diu reservet uni elite. Biht hatta udwekwnen un "industrie os culture".
Besonters bahsa est un cultural element quod act un politic decisive rol : mathalan, Englisch est id prest nudenst bahsa ep Internet, ed Mandarin id dwot, quo daht ibs lands quom weikers bahnt uter tom bahsas un muhim influence magh. Alyum exempel, id franceois culture antslohnk in id Europe iom Lumens, khaliban ob eet bahn in plur peurstencurts. Sei Englisch est nundiens preeminent, alya bahsas permittent samghate cultural-ye sem piern territoria : francophonia, espaniol in Espania ed Latin America, arab... Smad kaue fin-ye od multilinguisme est, bariem official-ye, recogniht in id linguistic politique ios Europay Union, ka bertor uns wirt os cultural diversitat.
Id diemen inter culture ed politique ghehdt kathalika bihe illustret med id enscenen, unte id Srig Weir, iom marxisten debats de id "burgese" culture. Marx ghi iey culture un waldhinstrument os burgesia, quod proletariat dehlct bifanghe sib tsay.
Est culture integrant ?[]
Culture est un staur zariya os social integration. In sien wehrg Between Past and Future, Hannah Arendt constatit od, taiptos, id hol societat, ed ne tik un elite, neudt culture kay obtene un satisfacend social stand. Culture, ka comweida, permitt besonters integre-se meis facil-ye ep id orbatsmercat. Esiet kathalika massoul pro un reproduction iom elites. Id wehrg om Pierre Bourdieu ed Jean-Claude Passeron Les héritiers, les étudiants et la culture ananct perodh-ye tod transmission iom maghs eni ia elites ab tod cultural capital. Id influence os culture ka factor os social integration est tem important quem ia public siyassas hant plaut-ye smyohrn ids antslehnken.
Id integrationsimkan os culture est angh-ye bohndt idsi diffusion. Ia contact areas inter civilisations, ia safers, ia informationstechnologias permittent tod diffusion. Maghe bihe citet mathalan ia maritim exchanges in Awo Hellad inter ia citads ed ir colonias, in id antique Rome, ia contact areas in Espania inter Muslims ed Christians, id Silk Route, ia safers em kjiauschis ed explorators, id torg pon Bruges (hanseatic urbs ed maritim relations con id Sud os Europe)... Major scientific ed philosophic theorias hant ghohdto do Occident, pon Awo Hellad, Asia, Mesopotamia, Hind, tem quem meg util techniques : compass, sextant, cartographic informations, papier, drucken, "arab" rakems...
Yed, culture ne favoriset tik social integration. Also, est significant constate od parallel-ye ei mediatic beweirten ios trans-cultural, iom mixen, os mestissage, antslehnke aunstop crehscend communitarisme ed ghettoisation. Eti, Samuel Huntington, in sien wehrg Id Clasch iom Civilisations (1993), kyunggiiew od ia cultural productions uns foir systematicitat ed historia corresponde id notion civilisation. Api civilisations, sekwent tom autor, trendient diwides mutu. Id mund se defineihneuiet pon id fin ios Berliner Mur ne meis med ideologic clifts, inter Communisme ed Capitalisme, ni imperialisme ed anti-imperialisme, sontern med culturala clifts. Id consequent resurgence iom identitar sentiments affirmiet-se ne meis med nations, kam unte ia XIXt ed XXt secules, ni med ethinas, sontern ye un "civilisational" scal, ob id Globalisation iom exchangen, ed id ferment iom future conflicts esiet schowi cultural.
Uno militant ios Dawlat Islams in Irak ed Schaam destruct un anaglypt ep un Iraki archeologic site. Ia exactions tos terroriste grupp isnahneunt pon yars tienxia indignation.
Biht cultural diversitat encouraget ?[]
Cultural diversitat biht presentet ka response ei phenomen os cultural uniformisation inducen ab id massendiffusion os US culture, id disparition om mult bahsas ed dialects, id standardisation iom consumms, iom modes... Trans id promotion os cultural diversitat, id preservation os tienxia cultural mirath hat-se kathalika impost ka naudh. Id destruction ab iens talibans iom Buddhas ios Bâmiyân behrg in 2001 ed ia subsequent unanim protests hant sensiblihn id mundial opinion dia id tienxia kweitu ed id fragilitat tos mirath.
Tehrpt ses kaut od in November 2001, id UNESCO Tienxia Declaration de Cultural Diversitat buit widen unanim-ye. Tod declaration est is prest normative instrument quod promovt cultural diversitat do commune mirath os menscgenos ed vaht nuntos daughe ka base ei elaboration om national cultural siyassas, in samstehmen con international reuls ed ieus. In tod texte, id salvguardia os cultural diversitat est ayt un concret ed ethic dastur inseparable ud id respect os menscdecos.
Eti, id Convention pro id salvguardia ios immaterial cultural mirath os 2003, ratifieto dien 20 Jun 2007 ab 78 Stats, precidt od tod mirath est id "magniswor os cultural diversitat". Id immaterial cultural mirath buit definiht ab id UNESCO ka wiswa praxis, kips, wehkwsa, gnohsas ed sagvens - tem quem ia instruments, objects, artefacts ed cultural spaces qua sont ibs assocyet - qua ia communitats, ia grupps ed, sei tohrben, i individus recogneihnt ka part irs cultural mirath. Tod immaterial cultural mirath, transmiss ex generation do generation, biht recreen dayim ab ia communitats ed grupps sekwent ir milieu, ir interaction con nature ed ir historia. Ibs dadwt un sentiment om identitat ed mussalsalia, contribuend it promove id respect om cultural diversitat ed menscencreativitat.
Id Convention precidt od id immaterial cultural mirath manifestet-se, inter alya, in ia sehkwnd xeimens : ia oral traditions ed wehkwsa, pati bahsa; ia arts os spectacle (kam traditional music, dans ed theatre); ia social praxis, rituals ed bayramwakyas; ia gnohsas ed praxis dayir nature ed universe; ia sagvens bohnden ad traditional artisanat.
Id defense os "cultural diversitat" ghehde wardhe divers-ye, kam promovend-ye actions pro "cultural minoritats" au id protection culturen quos torgstieure ne permit per se un sufficiento diffusion, mathalan in id sense ios "franceois cultural exception". Tod cultural exception, ops kwiten "protectioniste", sigwrt od ia cultural productions ed services sont specific ed poitte justifie un derogation ei leurtorg prabhil, besonters per id payghen subventionen au promotionsoperations.
Bad, cultural diversitat leit kathalika per id protection iom autorrects. Api, id gratistat iom wehrgs per Internet creet sweurghs, mathalan in ia industries ios disk ed ios buk. Id illegal nikladen, via Internet, om wehrgs protegen ab autorrects ed daydeyer id massengratistat iom artwehrgs ghehdient schinghaye id opnos os cultural creation beghsressurceihnd-ye artistens. Taiptro, legislation kekwohk achiz de endighes tod phenomen, tem quem Internet swehdeiht el individu behande jaldi un cultural information med un simple connexion, ed modifiet it profund-ye id sibia dia immaterial, besonters cultural, maals. Lakin, tehrpt bihe kaut od gratistat favoriset kathalika id diffusion, id promotion iom wehrgs ed id erkwenstieure os culture.