Democratia

Etymologia: Ex awo hellen δημοκρατία, ex δήμος = "demos", ed κρατειν = "ammer".

Definition: Democratia kyeust popules waldh ab idswo.

Id Pnyx samt id platforme ios orator, meithel ios popule os Athenas. Id Athenay democratia antslohnk circum id Vt secule pre JC in id hellen civitat (πόλις) ios antique Athenas quod compris idpet citad ed id perambhend territorium Attikai, ed quod est ops describen ka tienxia prest gnohn democratia. Alya hellen citads instituer democratias, pleista sehkwnd id athenay model, bet neid est tem suadocumenten quem cid.

Id werdo democratia prohp in Athenas in id druna ios Vt secule pre JC, tant kay difference ia institutions tod citad ud ta os monarchia (waldh ab un mon) quem kay celebre id triumph ios popule uper aristocratia (gouvernement uns elite). Ye id muassir zaman, kekyusit cada regime keihnd ep popular souverainitat ed un representative systeme sulen ep universal suffrage; nundiens bihnt addihn id naudh os multipartisme ed id garantie iom sullures, besonters om leudher menos ed wekwos.

Þingvellir (in islensk : "Parlamentsplain") est uno national park os sudeust Island, nedalg ud ids nagoro Reykjavik, bet est bilhassa id ormeithel os tienxia dar existend Parlament, id Alþingi, quod buit ter sult ab 930, tiel 1799. In 1944, ter buir declaret id independence ex Danmark ed id proclamation ios Respublic dien 17 Juno 1944. Idpet Alþingi hieb est restauret in 1844 ed sesessit tuntos in Reykjavik.

Democratia : real institution au ideal regime ?

Id citad Athenas iom Vt ed IVt secules pre JC hat kwohken im Awims ka id model iom democratias, ia legislative ed judicial maghs bayghend id εκκλησία ed iens magistrats esend loss we elect. Yed, tod systeme quod admirems dar nundiens buit baygh controverten ab sienens meist eminent samzamans : Socrates accuset democratia ob ses id gouvernement iom jahils. Aristoteles prefert uno mixt ijadh quod combinet elements ex ia tri classic formes os gouvernement : monarchia, aristocratia ed democratia. Platon, qui sehgnet de un citad wanact ab philosophs, vidt in democratia id suprematia os passion uper raison. Serter, Polybios (202-120 pre JC) ed Cicero (106-43 pre JC) dind Saint Augustinus (354-430) sient kehnse od democratia est un non-empraxisable ideal pro real institutions, mayn emto tsay ab Machiavelli (1469-1527), Montesquieu (1689-1755) eti Rousseau (1712-1778) qui, quayque is eiskwt id ka sul os waldh, declaret id ka impossible ka gouvernementsmodus : Un gouvernement si parfait ne convient pas à des hommes.

Tienjien-ye, democratia ghi hat posen problemes ed maghmos daume de idspet archetype : kwe id athenay δημοκρατία est un authentic democratia ? Smad mehme od ies civs quoy smyehrnt, unte id Vt secule, id functionment iom institutions oiskeipent tik 10% ios population ios citad; ismee Athenays os gospoti origin (mutaweikers), sclavs ed gwens sont excluden ex id public gwit. In ta conditions, id athenay democratia kwehct meis quem un prabhil, tod os institue ka souverain wiswens civs, quem ka un real praxis wardhend eni id exacto definition tos civstand ed idsen prerogatives.

Ghabmos ter id ambiguitat ed id sibia inter democratia ed respublic. Menxu preter volt ses waldh ios popule quod bunct id direct-ye (Athenas) we representative-ye, dwoter keiht ep id abstracto dastur os un souverainitat quod, ep un concret plan, maght bihe buct ab un aristocratic minoritat. Ex antique Rome do Venezia, ia exempels om aristocratic respublics sont kathire; punor vidmos, in muassir Europe, genuin democratias coexiste con id symbolic manteino ios monarchic institution (Uniet Roydem, Belgia, Espania...). In druve ye id real smyehrensdegree im majorat weikers uns land ei management ios res publica biht midt kweter leit we ne de un druv democratia.

2017 aperture ios Britisch Parlament. Est un ceremonia unte quod i Parlamentars ios niter majlis (Majlis im Communes, Englisch : House of Commons) bihnt kwayden do id uber majlis (im Lords) kay klustres id logos al souverain. In druve, el wanak (her, Rayn Elizabeth II) leist un politic programme scriben ab sien Premier Minister. Id Britisch Parlament hat ka origin id radh iom swamens ios Roy os England. Pos ia Englisch Revolutions, id systeme emsit sien actual forme, samt un gouvernement responsible ant id Majlis im Communes (quos majoritar partise decidt de id siyassa) menxu el souverain hat neid meis quem un symbolic rol. Quayque est neid script constitution, leit de tienxia longst aunstop democratic systeme.

Ia suls os souverainitat

Id question de souverainitat est central ob est id base ios dayi democratia. Api, yant id Antiquitat, id deuysen iom hellen citads ye id Hellenistic zaman reinstitute triumphal-ye, ed pro secules, monarchia ka prabhil. Gwohmen ex ciengow, senter seult legimitat ne ep id consensus inter leudher wirs, sontern ep un delegation os transcendental origin, "divenwatei" Hellenistic roys au cesars ios uber Roman Imperium, sacerdotal consecration con id Catholic Kyrk. Ex iens cesars ios Niter Imperium do iens absolutiste roys iom Moderne Tids, est continuitat, esdi ia institutional diksformes varyent. Is roy gouvernet in id nam os Div, ex quom emanet cada waldh; ne sont civs, sont tik subjects, kam dar mehmihn ab Bossuet ye id fin ios XVIIt secule. Estghi bi-sabab un reflexion de civstand - prohpen unte id Renaissance ed id raunstehgen os Antiquitat, ed mehldend un future neisereihsa ios politic camp - od inkapt id trend quod vaht duce ei elaboration unios moderne conceptios democratia : tod est indissociable ud id theoria ios social contractios quod, affirmend-ye od id surce ios politic maghios keiht in uno menghia em individus beghaben samt naturala lure ed rects, restabliet popules souverainitat ka prabhil ed recuset id monarchia os divin rect. Tod concept wardht ye id XVIIt ed XVIIIt secules, ex Hobbes ed Locke do Kant, via Rousseau. Ids prest concretascen est id creation ios respublic iom Uniet Stats os America, quos constitution tarikhet ex 1787.

Directo democratia - yani i civs votent direct ia politic decisions - est technic-ye impossible nundiens in pleist falls yed dar existe in dwo cantons ios Schweizer Confederation - ios-pet oinios iom veutsten democratias Europes -, in Appenzell-Innerrhoden ed her in Glarus. Ielg yar pon sertst-ye 1387, dien prest mingo Mais, samghat id Landsgemeinde ep id meithel ios samnamios nagor tos canton ios eust ios land.

Democratia au representative regime ?

Kwe id yun US respublic est, ye tod end ios XVIIIt secule, un democratia ? Sigwra ya sekwent ia prabhils antplohcen ab sien Constitution, bet ne in praxis : id universal suffrage est dalg ud ses dastur, is President iom Unieten Stats biht elegen ab un collegium om electors ed, bilhassa, oin penkdel ios population est in sclaverie. Meis quem dwomil yars serter, wehst iter id sam problematique quem in id antique Athenas. Id samghehldt pro revolutionaro France quando bihnt proclamen id national souverainitat ed redagen id Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen (1789). Senter daftart vasya prabhils os democratia, bet id 1791 Constitution (kam qua sehkwsient) panct un censsuffrage quod beghseiht paupers ir civic rects. In fact, ia politic regimes qua dostringe id programme iom Lumens ne instituent democratia, sontern generalise id representative systeme quod Englando tadrijan eepepagit pon id XVIt secule, pre theorise id, per Lockes voc, in ia Treatises of Government (1689). Introducend id deilen ed id separation iom maghs subordinend-ye id autoritat ios roy ei consens eysen subjects, britisch parlamentarisme hieb creen uno model, yed pragmatic-ye. Ia US ed Franceois Revolutions ios end ios XVIIIt secule eme id tsay, yed beghabend-ye id med un nov ideologic mathmoun (constitutional textes, Declaration iom Menscenrects) quod vaht id buwes id yana uns evolution kye democratia. Todghi ne biht fauran realisen, sontern ia establiet institutions possibleihnt id.

It wehst udliten id debat quod hieb srohten id XVIIIt secule ed quod, fikernd democratia tik sub id forme uns directios gouvernement ab id popule, hieb concluden id eet impossible, eti vierdnic ar, ghyanend id itner ibs manipulations iom demagogs, id facil-ye se degradit do populisme.

Hindi gwens queunt in un vote local pro un subnational election. National elections in Hind skeipe tienxia plautsto democratic bungos, dat id Hindi politic systeme est hakan-ye multipartite samt politic alternation ed sullures menxu id befolcter China est un dictature ios communiste partise. Kemti id Hindi Constitution, elections pro id National Parlament ed ia Statala Legislative Assemblees mutte cada penkt yar. Id akhir (2014) general election involvit un electorat om 863,5 millions menscen ed buit conducen in nev etapes.

Representative democratia

Historians ed politologs hant viden, in ia classeninteresses ed ia pands os magh, ia causes ios sert enplacen tos democratia yed implien ab ia dehtoracts. Albatta zaruri est kyunggiawe idschi conscience ies public wirs ios XVIIIt ed ios inkapem ios XIXt secule hieb de id politic inculture ios pledveh. Id baysa om demagogic drifts ed ios manipulation uns immature electorat eet real : to refer a trial of colors to a blind man sieyg George Mason unte id 1787 Philadelphia Convention quando buit daumto de instaure universal suffrage.

Ia wakyas deike ne leit de un fantasme : quan, in 1848, ies franceois respublicans gwohmen do magh med id Februarios Revolution ijabe id vote tect vasyims majorat ner civs, un electoral tsunami bringht do id presidence, tik dank eys nam ed eys demagogic promissa, prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, nepot os Napoleon 1st. Imitend sien oncle, is uperwaldht id Dwot Respublic, dien 2 December 1851, kay restablie id Empire.

Id institution os democratia vaht yinjier lites unte id education ios popule ed id general creiscen ios cultural nivell. Tik id accession im civs ad politic maturitat ghehdt buwes id representative systeme id instrument os un genuin democratia. Id hat ka corollar id formation partisen defendend options ed quom alternation in waldh permitt pleistims opinions bihe aurn.

Democratia impliet id definition om dems, eni-ya id demos votet, quando leit de representative democratia. Ploisko falls os "gerrimander" (ex Englisch gerrymandering) quer ia grances iom dems bihnt rissen khaliban kay favorise un politic partise, id pangen iom dems tehrbe sehkwe dasturs om demographic tula inter ta dems ed geographic entitats (mathalan, un ultramar insule skeipsiet oinsmee dem, esdi est meg minter befolcto quem id mutawassit iom dems ios materland). Tienxia plautsto dem est yinjier id Respublic Sakha in id Russian Federation, yaschi gnohn ka Yakutia. Tod "subject" ios Federation est kathalika tienxia plautst non-souverain territorial entitat (Antarctid esend aun statal souverainitat), med 3 083 523 km² bet minter quem oino million weikern. Ids nagor est Yakutsk, ids official bahsas sont Rusk ed Sakha. Idsi civs elege oin representer ei Duma, yani ei niter chamber ios Russian Parlament.

Democratia, Liberalisme ed crise os politique

Wawod liberalisme sigwrt defende id rect im individus, id prabhil-ye trendt kye democratia : moderne democratic men, pon id XVIIIt secule, ops gwehmt ex liberals. Also, in De la démocratie en Amérique (1839), Tocqueville hat percepen, in ia US institutions, id adgumt os democratia ed id necessaro riawdals ios politic evolution iom moderne societats.

To saygen, in id liberal prospect, id democratic Stat gweupt ka magno zielum ijabe ibs privat interesses id megst leudhert, yani ses bilkull discret. Kwe ne est contradiction inter tod naudh ed id objective om social ieustet ed egalitat quod est alter suloption ios democratic ideal ? Kwe ne hat id sirr ios Stat ka corollar id actionslure im nertsten, quim interesses ne bayad se confunde con ta pleisten ? Dwo models os representative democratia hant yinjier prohpt, sekwent id widen attitude face tod alternative.

Preter kyunggiawt id lure al civ (besonters in id economic xeimen), individuala initiative ed massoulia, limitend it id rol ios Stat : est yando presenten ka "anglicisant" wawod kweit ia USA ed id Uniet Roydem, senter bi-sabab ia meids emen ab id gouvernement os Margaret Thatcher in ia 1980tias.

Dwoter, typic os dayluk Europe (France, Deutschland, scandinav lands) insist id naudh os un social siyassa ed ijapt ei Stat un regulator ed renehmer rol, besonters via legislation ed fiscalitat. Id debato de id buhsa iom bungsen ios democratic Stat est dalg ud ses khatem. Liberals hant semper bayn id "tyrannia ios majoritat" ed hant slaberihskwn id Stat kay id skapt cada drift kye totalitarisme. Aynt od id excessive extension iom Statsmaghs, besonters id total control os economic opos, waust in id negation os democratia. Tod these biht piwno nundiens med un reflexion de id Sovietsk communisme ed ia eusteuropay "popules democratias". Duct economistens kam iom US-American W. Rostow (1916-2003) ad daume de ia diemens qua unient politic lure ed lure os entreprindes, democratia ed mercateconomia.

Yed, parallel-ye, maghmos baye an linkwes id regulation iom social sibias ibs mecanismes ios mercatios duct do enorm inegalitats ed uni extercontrol magh iom denaraugsen, quo esiet temschi fatal ei genuin democratia quem id omnipotence ios Stat.

Id suawehrgen os democratia wehst yinjier in un difficil tula, quod ghehdt bihe pagen tik ye dwo conditions : id existence uns responsible ed competent politic classe, brungend id trust im civs; id active smyehren ios gwit ios "citad" ab senters. Id actual crise tohrn ab democratia in Occident resultet tant ex un trustleus ios popule dia ids representers quem ex un crehscend desinteresse dia id "public re", bo factors esend eti bohnden.