Etymologia: Ex latin familia, idswo ex famulus = "sloug", quo uperwehrt id roman conception os familia;tod comprindt ne tik natural ascendants ed descendants, sontern ischi sclavs ed slougs, yani ti quantens qui sont submiss ei absolut autoritat ios pater familias.
Definition: Id lexis familia kyeust un samghat em aserngbohndt Individus, gwivend sub id sam tect ed skeipend uno meis au minter swobod entitat, quod ghehdt se reduce uni servicencommunitat (cucin, posdehrjen ios dom, educationstaska...) au ses un unitat om Production ed exchanges, kam tod est id fall in ia traditional societats quer Agriculture dominet. Id model quod hat-se dwight in "moderne" societats est tod ios "etenfamilia" comprindend i parents ed ir directens descendants, yed sont med plus organisationsmodus sekwent ia cultural areas.
Uno natural datum au un Culture fact ?[]
Wawod familia keiht ep id enderkweiten inter sexes ed ia naudhs os reproduction, maghiemos bihe tenten ad bemehne id ka gwehmend ender nature. Ghehdt lakin bihe kaun od menscenfamilia se enderkweit ud ia animal familias ob sien duren ed id force iom affective diemens id wehbht inter sienens members. Is ethnolog R.Linton expliet ia med, hois, id originalitat os menscensexualitat, independent ud ia saisons ed ghehdend it ses bugen mudam ed, ciois, med id "neotenia" phenomen, yani id bfuriawdals al mensceln, quod beuwt menscenmiegve id longst ex ta vasyen gwiv specen. Bil mensc, id part ios eucmen uperwehndt tod ios ingnahn ed familial organisation est cultural-ye meg variatil.
Oino iom sultopics os Ethnologia, yant ids inkapem con iom US-American L.H.Morgan (1818-1881), hat est id studye iom kerabatstructures : familia ghehdt ses "oingham" au "pelugham", "patrogni" au "matrogni", "paterdom" au "materdom"... Ia prest wehrgs os Lévi-Strauss, besonters Les Structures élémentaires de la parenté (1949), deike od sei id incestban est un tienxia phenomen in Menscgenos, ia different cultures defineihnt baygh divers-ye eniaserngia ed ia banen behndwria. Familia ghi tehrpt bihe bemohnen in culturala lexis, yani sub id general categoria ios exchange : banend-ye endoghamia (gham eni un angho grupp), ia societats tyeice un regulation iom social sibias.
Orarya gendelnams sekwent iens Professors Mallory & Adams in The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture.
Ethnologic ed oraryo genti systemes[]
Id eskimo systeme[]
Idghi eskimo systeme khaliban kyeuse i members ios familia al ego ed, ploisko sexe ed generation, ne enderkweit sekwent id gon im tantes, onclen ni cousins. Id classifiet tik i members ios etenfamilia ed samogni kerabs. Est unschi lexis pro "cousin". Tod est clar-ne id systeme reconstructible pro aus orarya grupps chunke ta ops enderkweite inter patruw ed matruwa gentis. Sam-ye, id absence uns werdios pro "cousin" ne stehmt id Eskimo systeme.
Inuits ep un traditional "qamutik" = sanya. I Inuits (Inuktitut = ᐃᓄᐃᑦ = "i leuds", id singular est "Inuk") sont un grupp om cultural-ye samlik walsk folks weekend ia arctic iklimes om Gronland, Canada ed Alaska. Ia inuit bahsas sont part ios eskimo-aliat familia. In ia Uniet Stats os America ed Canada, id Eskimo lexis eet commun-ye nudt ab ethnic Europays kay describe i Inuits ed Alaskas Yupik ed Inupiat folks. Lakin, "Inuit" ne est acceptet ka nam pro i Yupiks, ed "Eskimo" est id saulo lexis quod ghehldt pro i Yupiks, Iñupiats ed Inuits. Pon id end ios XXt secule, aborigine folks in Canada ed Gronlands Inuits ayneunt "Eskimo" ka pejorative ed prefernt yinjier "Inuit". In Canada, articles 25 & 35 ios 1982 Constitutionalios Legios classifient i Inuits ka un distincto grupp em Canadian aborigines non-includen bayna ia Auwal Nations ni i Métis.
Id hawayi systeme[]
Id Hawayi type ne enderkweit swesgens ud cousins ed neudt id samo nam pro quantens, mathalan id werd "brater" ne gheldt tik pro iom biologic brater sonter proschi vasyens sons im tanten ed onclen. Id systeme est kalen generational chunke ia saul enderkweitens tyehce inter generations ed sexe. Tod systeme ne samstehmt con id reconstruct systeme pro oraryo chunke ter trehvmos enderkweitens inter patruw ("pater", "paters brater") ed matruw ("mater" ed "swester ias mater") sibias ed id lexis pro "brater" au "swester" ghehdt bihe extenden vasyims purts im swesgens im parents.
1890 Photographia uns Hawayi wir con eys dwo purts. I Hawayis (Hawayi : kânaka maoli) sont i tienjien Polynesian weikers iom Hawayi insules ed ir descendants. Sekwent un 2010 US ardhem, sont 527 000 leuds qui se identifient ka "native Hawayis", con au aun alyo ethnic atavia. Ia dwo tridels ex i gwive in id US Stat iom Hawayi Insules.
Id sudani systeme[]
The descriptive wa Sudani systeme est id exact witer ios Hawayi ed enderkweit swesgens ud cousins ed cada type es cousin ud mutu. Kay name tantes ed onclens, id Sudani systeme est "dwighabel", mathalan is son ed ia dugter ios brater ios pater sont enderkwit ud iom son ed iam dugter ias swester ios pater, etc. Ia lexis nuden pro ta sibias maghe ses descriptive, yani kam in Aw Eirean bràthair màthar = "brater ias mater" anter quem un singule inanalysable werd.
L.H.Morgan arguit od id oraryo genti systeme eet descriptive, yani eet credihn od oraryo hieb singule werds tik pro ia basicst concepts (pater, mater, brater, swester, son, dugter, mann ed esor) ed od ceter kerabatlexis eent composit ab ta. Tod theoria hat esen rejecen wawod id reconstruction ne permitt retrehve cada werd; eti, sem orarya reconstruct werds exter tod Sudani systeme kwehkent credible.
Mohawks in traditional trakhs in Kahnawake, suder quem Montréal, Canada, 2018. I Iroquois (franceois pronunciation : {irokwA}; Haudenosaunee) comprinde six Indian nations(Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca ed Tuscarora) gwivend historic-ye in id nord ios US Stat os New York, suder quem Lac Ontario ed fluv Saint-Laurent. Nundiens, pleisti im 125000 Iroquois weike nundiens in id province Ontario (Canada) ed in id US Stat New York; alyi gwive in Wisconson, Quebec ed Oklahoma.
Id iroquoiso systeme[]
Id iroquoiso systeme kale "cousins" tik i upergenos cousins (purts ias swester ios pater ed purts ios brater ias mater) bet ne enderkweit ia parallel cousins (purts ios brater ios pater ed purts ias swester ias mater) ud i swesgens. In oraryo, albatt eet id nam ios "brater ios pater" : *pH2truwyos formen ex id nam ios pater, yed bo nams ne sont identic, mukhtmel leit de un substantiviset adjective kam hams in Sambahsa : patruwo brater.
1941 teutisk dans im Crows. I Crows, qui se kale Apsàalooke in ir wi Sioux bahsa, sont Indians qui ee-gwive in id Yellowstone rivier vallee (USA); nundiens i sont un Federal-ye recognihto teut samt un reserve lyehgend in id sud part ios US Stat Montana.
Ia Crow ed Omaha systemes[]
Ta Indian systemes assimile i parallel cousins con i swesgens bet hant nia sonterlexis pro upergenos cousins. In id Crow type, i purts ias swester ios pater sont ayn kam i correspondend patrogni tantes ed oncles (swester ed brater ios pater), menxu i purts ios brater ias mater sont ayn kam is son ios brater ed ia dugter ios brater. Id Omaha type est id systeme invers ud id prever, yani id assimilet i purts ias swester ios pater con i purts ias swester, ed i purts ios brater ias mater con iam mater ed ays brater.
Maghmos facil-ye exclude id Crow systeme ka exempel pro oraryo wawod preter est matrogni menxu quanto ghehdmos reconstruge pro oraryo suggest un patrogni systeme. Yinjier, id meist acceptet hypothese est od id oraryo genti systeme eet ios Omaha type, yani ios patrogni version ios Crow systeme. Quayque gnoht societat neudt un complete Omaha systeme, sems sigwrnt od tik id Omaha systeme expliet certain terminologic anomalias trohven in ia reconstrugen gentilexis; mathalan *H2euH2os maynt bo "grandpater" ed "brater ias mater", tem quem *nepôts ghehldt pro bo iom "nepot" ed iom "napter". Weidwos, est idschi mank uns oraryios werdios pro "cousin". Societats qua neude id Omaha systeme sont typic-ye patrogni ed exogham.
Wawod ia elements ep-ya reconstruction keiht ne sont samzaman, yani nos sont gnohn ex awa bahsas bahn ye different tids, ne dehlgmos conclude od id oraryo familia "strict-ye" sohkw id Omaha systeme, sontern eet meis au minter prokwem to.
Omaha teutisk danser. I Omahas sont un US-federal-ye recogniht indian teut quod gwivt in un reserve in id nordeust ios US Stat Nebraska ed in id west ios US Stat Iowa.
Actual problemes ios familia in Occident[]
Moderne individualisme contra id traditional familia[]
Id evolution os familia in Occident ghehdt bihe yugen ad quo Tocqueville kiel, in De la démocratie en Amérique (1835), id mouvement irreversible de la démocratie, yani id disparition iom traditional hierarchias ed subordinations, yani id augen os individualisme. Tant Locke quem Rousseau conteste id absolut ed permanent autoritat ios pater familias uper eys purts. Iaschi feministe movments qua, pon id XVIIIt secule, rencauseneunt id subordination iam gwens, smyehrnt ia radical dikstransformations ios familia.
Gham hat bihn tadrijan id loc ios sok po noroc, quod id Franceois Revolution hat legitimen. Id mutalba os lieubherpaydrwn se substituet ibs behndwrias, ibs educative logiques qua organiseer id familia. Id XXt secule hat it induct un profund social ed politic mutation. Estu mohmt od ia Romans La Princesse de Clèves (Madame de la Fayette, 1676) ed La Nouvelle Héloïse (Rousseau, 1775) wierneer protiev id liubhsgham : passion, factor os trouble eti os disaurdhen, est presenten ter ka incompatible con id social ed parental massoulia.
Unschi novo forme os stermagh bispehrdt con id familia. Noster societats hant (med ir social siyassas ed id evolution os ieus) recogniht ed faciliht id gwit ios "baclar woik" comprindend oinu mater ed ays purt, aun patruwo reference. Id reiken unios naturaliste ideologia, piwt ab ecologisme, invitet eti ians gwens ad aunstehge ir matruwo "vocation" ed ad assumpe id superlative-ye, pati ye id honn ios patruwios bungsios. Api ies paters - quoy bihnt kalen yando "nov paters" - keupe gwis-ye ir place bim purts, hatta ditils. Ithan start un latent sexe weir, quos weitwodds au pands ia tribunals sont. Ieus ghi tentet organise bilkull id kwehlen im purts inter different hems, in stepfamilias, ed skape ia ideologic modes.
The Cranberries - Animal Instinct-0
Id permanence ios familial ideal[]
Id awst rencausensforme ios familia est os holiste inspiration. Platon (427-347 pre JC) advoquet, in Πολιτεία, gwenencommunitat ed id collective education im magven pro ia liderclasses ios citad. Utopic literature hat ops opposen ad familia id necessaro primatia ios collectivitat naudhend id regulation iom ghams, suagehnia ed id maimourascen ab id Stat ios education.
Witerom, in id nam os individualism, gham ghohd bihe denuncet in favor ios leur antslehnken os sexualitat. Ei Familles, je vous hais os Gide (Les Nourritures terrestres, 1897) kwehrt echo The Death of the Family (1972) ios anti-psychiater D.Cooper. Leudher sexualitat, kathalika identifien ka un revolutionar force ab ia theses os W.Reich (1897-1957), kwohk tun incompatible con id familia, bemohnt ka waurgstructure, obligend ad reproduction, alienant ed alienat.
Api, kun ia economic taraghs deconstruge profund-ye socialitat, familia appareiht ka id kaur eten iom dispareihnd solidaritats. Itak est id object unios nostalgia. Biht meis-ye celebret quem aiwo. Nundiens hant se ia revolutionar mutalbas forkupta do id Mercat os plaisure, suabeidt-yod meg-ye id cult al souverain-purt.
Stromae - Formidable Paroles-3
Adpeurten enquestionen[]
Ia Techniques os assisten procreation induce mutations qua ibs mentalitats quem ibs legislations moliet sehkwe. Aunsexualitat procreation succeddt aunprocreation sexualitat. Adpeurten disbiht ud sien biologic kips.
Qui appelle ei acceleration ios process quod leuriet gehnen ud ia natural nyutis - mehlden ios artificial gwelbh quod permittiet iabs gwens meis-ye suaconcilye procreation ed professional gwit, invitation ei legislation ios surrogate matertat - sont diwiden ab qui kneigve ep ia mutalbas im purts gnaht ex anonym parents - betrusten do adoption ab ir biologic mater - we gohnten med assisten procreation, gnohskwnt-yi id historia irs gnahsa we ghatskwnt-yi el dahtor os sperma au ovule.
Also biht id werd ios adpeurten iskwt akster-ye niesims societats ed niesi ieus. Biht urgent enderkwites inter couple ieus ed familia ieus, stambhes uni rect os habe un purt quod gwehmiet do contradice ia rects , im purten, besonters tod os gnohe sien biologic origins, os preserve sien affective securitat. Smad mehmihes yaschi od ieus deuyst protege ia educative rects inter el purt ed el sokwi al adoptant baclar au el nov conjug al biologic parent.