Innovation, innovations
Economistes enderkweite plur innovationstypes. Id innovation os process kyeust un reorganisation ios Production quod permitt kayjine productivitat : est mathalan id productionzangir, kwekmor os fordisme. Tod innovationsforme gehnt nov orbatweidsa tem quem nov lexis : in tod sense, office-automation kyeust id introduction os informatique do bureau orbat. Id innovation os producto kyeust id conception om wares qua ne existeer prever ep id Mercat: also, id automobile ye id end ios XXt secule, id mobilphone oin secule serter.
Sem economistes enderkweite un trito type : id marketing innovation quod consist innove in id weidos os pehrne un product : mathalan, propones khassiat products in Individual portions we alnos mutaconcepe id emballage uns productios kay attractiverihes id. Lakin, sems vide in to tik sem fals innovations ar, in sien nov emballage, idpet product ne hat changet.
Globaler-ye, un innovation suppont un fundamental invention, yani skeipt-yod un druv novtat ed ne mer-ye formal au marginal kam id tawrlienen os un ja prev product : mathalan, id idee os dehe informatics applications do mobilphones est un innovation, bet id novo version uns office-automation software ne est druve-ye sem.
Pro mult economistens, ia notions innovation ed technic Progress sont meis au minter synonym. Lalin, sem autors, sekwos iom Osterreicher Schumpeter (1883-1950), enderkweitent technic innovation ud economic innovation. Senter ne tyehct direct-ye ex sem technic progress : ia presta supermercats, mathalan, keihnt ep neid technic novtat, yed sont economic innovations.
Id financialisation tyehcneund pon ia 1980tias hat yaschi duct ad identifie ia financial innovations : also, id securitisation, quod consist transforme dulgs do wirtpapiers exchangeable ep ia capitalenmercats. Sems tom innovations sont denuncen ka massouls ios Economic crise quod hat oistarten in 2008, bi-sabab id baygh alt risk ia skeipe. De facto, id banken crise gwehmt ex id present om "toxic" habens in id balance iom banks, besonters om wirtpapiers om US fawngdiaschau dulgs (ia subprimes) bihn irrecuperable pos id collapse tos mercat in id druna os liento 2007. Unghi innovation ne est bayad semper un progress.
Joseph A.Schumpeter (1883-1950) buit un osterreichisch economiste ed politician. Bihsit deutsch 1925 ed US-statan in 1939.
In sien aus wehrg Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (1912) enderghens is explie id economic antslehnken ios Capitalisme. In sien sert over Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942) analysit is ia social-politic implications. Is ghehldt ka oin im eminentst economisten ios XXt secule.
Innovation ka motor os Economia
Schumpeter hat meg besonters contribuet integre id notion innovation do id economic men. Sekwent iom, id hat un central function in economia ka motor os crosct. Is also observit od id Historia os capitalisme, minst-ye pon ia Industrial Revolutions ios XIXt secule, est pregen ab innovationsgrwozdus : steum, locomotive, id mule-jenny (mecanic spehnmachine), etc. unte id prest; electricitat, automobile, aviation, telephone, etc. unte id dwot.
Ta sont kathalika udwekwnt kay explie id start noven crosctcyclen. Ement id place iom prever Techniquen ed products in un process os creator destruction quod duct ad disparihes entreprises ed employs bohnden ibs obsolete sectors yed creent sema novs in ta qua orient ex ta innovations. In-kap id XXIsto secule, mathalan, id suomen entreprise Nokia hat ithan disparihn ex id mercat iom mobilphones id hieb diu dominet pos leipsus id smartphonen innovation.
Schumpeter placet kathalika id innovation do id kerd os sien theoria'l entrepreneur. Senter est semanghen quel incurrt riska innovend-ye. El transformet id invention do innovation decidend-ye ornuwes sien industrial production ed enmercate id. Tod decision est un risko chunke el est rar-ye yakin an els nov producto trehfsiet consummers ed uno mercat sufficient pro rentablihes els investion. Elghi entrepreneur ne est tik un entreprise chef ni unis manager, sontern quelschi innovet kay cree wirt. Economic evolution est yinjier bohndt ei innovationsimkan.