Definition: Islamisme kyeust daydey cada gwayt seulskwnd un politic action ep id reference ad Islam ed ei Coran. Biht frequent-ye enderkwiten un gouvernementsislamisme, sayct moderat, ud radical formes quom magna sont salafia ed jihadia.
Ia revolutions unte id Arabo pirmwer 2011 hant brighto do magh, in plur muslim lands, nov Islamkyeukend wanaks. Est important suaenderkwites Islam, quod est un religion, ud islamisme, quod bihskwt ids politic enover. In tod sense, islamisme biht libter comparet ei Christian-democratia, quod bezielt kathalika se inspire in id politic camp ud religieus normes ed ethique, christian in senter fall. Id difference os buhsa inter bo religions fragileiht lakin tod proschkreihsa.
Portrait os Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1902-1989). Exilet do Irak pos 1964, dind endergwehmus do France ab 1978, is duc ios IranI schiyi umma jidalt protiev id occidentalisation ed id modernisation imposen ab Schah Reza Pahlavi ed organiset id irani revolution quod udbrehct in februar 1979. Pos id asimat ios Schah, is reict triumphal-ye Tehran ed instauret un Islami jumhuriat baset ep id stricto dostriction os scharia. Ka "Revolutionsduc", Ayatollah Khomeini symboliset tradition contra innovation. Is imam impont un terror regime blandend waurg ed executions ed oistehmt id ghisalkapen in id ambassade iom Uniet Stats os America in Tehran. Id "jihad" contra Irak est waurmen om manifestations om patriotic exaltation ed religieus fanatisme. Id mohrt in 1989 tos yazctios dyinsmentor mutteiht uno mystic delirium im "folls os Allah".
Un recent concept[]
Id concept islamisme prohp unte id senst quardel ios XXt secule ed dehlct bihe yugen ei deuysen os panarab Nationalisme, diu identifiet ei rjienbwuts ios Misri Rays Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970). Pos id decolonisation, pos meis quem oin secule humiliation ios muslim mund, Nasser hiebit bihn is djogan uns union iom arab folks ambh ir commun cultural heritage ed in id perspective uns modernisationo med id reject iom archayismen, id secularisation iom societats ed economic antslehnken. Id deuysen tos siyassa, accentuen ab ia militar marloubias face Israel, hat ducen ei emergence uns alternative kneigvend ep alter unitar factor quod est religion. Magno vector tos mentrend buit, in sunni Islam, id staur keiwia iom Muslim Braters, gnaht in Misr in 1928, ed quod hieb diwidt frontal-ye id nassri siyassa. In schiyi Islam, idswo irani cler, duct ab id akster personalitat os ayatollah Khomeini, hat oppost id islamiste alternative ei modernisator bet despotic regime os Mohamad Reza Schah Pahlavi, uperwaldhen in 1979.
Sei sem denominator commun ibs divers islamiste trends tehrpt bihe trohft, tehlpt in id formule antplohcen ab iens Muslim Braters yant ir origin : "Islam est solution, Corano nies constitution". Sem logique ghehdt bihe trohven tei exclusive reference ei saint buk, ed id khact bihe reducen ei reject iom alien models. Id correspondt petis id profund buhsa ios muslim religion ed quo enderkweit id, mathalan, ud christianisme. Menxu men Christ hatwert kweiter-ye bahn : "Redahte ghi Caesari quo est Caesarios, ed Divi quo est Divios." (Euanghelio sekwent Matyah, XXII, 21) ed ghyant it id itner ei separation inter religieus ed politic, Islam de xiseyt id absolut totalitat iom sulouks. Est, sekwent id formulation os Sayyid Qutb, oino iom ideologs iom Muslim Braters, in eys tractat Maalim fi'l tarick, "un complet integret aurdhen, un fix axe ambh quod wehrt gwit in un precis aurdhen".
Id occidental dayi secularisme est baygh piern ud tod conception. Ad to se addeiht id dastur sekwent quod cada dawlat, cada autoritat poitt gwehme tik ex divin omnipotence. Suppones tuntos od id politic magh hat sien raudh in id majoritar consensus unios menscencommunitat - quo est idpet base os democratia - biht quasi blasphemator.
Sayyid Qutb (gnaht in 1906) unte sieno mahel in 1966 pos quod is buit hangen.
Islami magh ed gouvernement[]
Ex ta normes gwehmt maung ambiguitat in ia definitions : Ayatollah Khomeini sigwrt od islami gouvernement est democratic bet, is precidt, in tod democratia, legs ne depende id popule, sontern Coran ed Sunna ios Prophet. Is nabaht od id saul competent autoritat est is Quantenstaur ed id divin vol.
In ta conditions, id neud os election hat sense tik sei id permit ibs islamiste forces kriges magh chunke, quakwe bih ids installationsmodalitats, id objective ios Islami Stat poitt ses ye sien termen tik id teulgen os un theocratia sult ep id stricto dostriction ios Scharia, id dasturcode bohrn ab id Coran. Id Islami Jumhuriat Iran skeipt semkam ids prototype.
Biht ghaben tuntos id gwaukan diweiden iom milieus ryowkhowen, in id arab mund, dia Statslayicitat ed un democratic functionment kam id est awiet in Occident. Trehve un boidosplor con islamistens ibs kwehct inaccessible ed ibs tengiet un kensense dehlwrnt tantghi inconciliable sont ia sulprabhils ed ia politic objectives.
Mohamed Morsi (gnaht in 1951), member iom Muslim Braters, buit electo democratic-ye in 2012 Rays os Misr. Eys islamiste tendences isnahr un part ios misri population, stohmen ab id askar, ad pamrlane contra iom in 2013, ed is buit uperwaldht ed enkarcert. Is mohr dien 17 Jun 2019, in un hospital pos bayaldissevs unte oin sienen mahels.
Diversitat os islamisme[]
Ia arab revolutions os wer 2011, uperwaldhend-ye corrupt ed impopular dictatures, hant ghyanen id itner ad politic islamisme. Id vote om millions em simple, majoritar-ye nowngmin, pau eduquen leuds, quim mental horizont se limitet ei dyinpraxis, hat brighto do magh ia islamiste movments - ed besonters iens Muslim Braters. In Tunis ed el Kahira, politic formations prokwem id keiwia access magh ed in Ankara, id amtirend islamiste partise (Antslehnken ed Justice Partise : AKP) hat bihn kardwnen ab to. Lakin, confrontet ei naudh os kwenchaue compromissa kay gouverne, toy islamistes - kwit ka moderat - hant biht contestet ab radicaler islamistens gwaukan de impones Scharia fauran. Id reject ab un part ios societat hat oku dribhen ir eviction in 2013 (askari gvaltcutt in Misr, istifa ios gouvernement in Tunisia) menxu un voln om hostile demonstrations oiscuss Tyrkia.
Ies meist actives tom radicals sont ies salafis quoy advoque un reiken do orislam, swod iens atavs (salaf) sokwis ios Prophet ex quens imitent hatta id apparence (vehsen traditionalen trakhs, puk berd). Ta extremiste trends brunge id discret - ed genereus - stehmen iom naftmonarchias ios Gulf ed os Saudi Arabia, quom ultraconservative religieus ideologia se recogneiht nieber os salafi fundamentalisme. Senters activisme, quod recurrt gairn-ye stradagitation, reject gvalt-ye cada occidental influence, advoquet literal interpretation ios Coran, ed sib daht ka dohlg id reislamisation ios pledveh, prelude ios islamisation ios hol mund quod biht presenten ka Divios final maxam. Id appellet consequence-ye ei aunmercie jidal protiev i christian ed yudi "kafirs", in id nam ios jihad ed posdehrjt ob to un akster trend os antischemisme quod weuxt ep id Israeli-arab conflict.
Tod moveina hant salgen ia divers islami terroriste movments, quom El Kayda est gnohneut exempel pon dien 11 September 2001.
Abu Badr al-Baghdadi (1971-2019, Arab : إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم علي البدري ) unte sien senst prehpen dien 29 Aprile 2019.
Id irruption ios "Islami Daulat" (DIISCH)[]
Un US operationo neicus Ussama Bin Laden, amire Al Kayda, in Mai 2011, un nov jihadi organisation federend ia extremiste movments wardht in Aprile 2013 : DIISCH = Daulat Islams in Irak ed SCHaam
Brungend id disaurdhen in Suria ed Irak, DIISCH, occupend-ye in Jun 2014 id mier iraki urb al-Mawsil, lambhent maung bwuki ed enderghendt un territorial krig. Ids amire, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, se proclamet "Islams khalifa", supreme chefo vasyen Muslims. In 2015-2016, DIISCH extendt sien waldh uper Nordeust Irak ed, in Suria, in id Puratsdal. Bertor uns rigoreus islami fundamentalisme, DIISCH regneihti terror, destruct ia preislami archeologic sites (Palmyra, in Suria), financet attentats in Europe, quer is recrut voluntars in ia muslim koims.
Id resistence ep id plor est preter id fact om kurd milices; dind un US-ducto coalition om 22 lands biht organisen. Id reprise os al-Mawsil in Jul 2017 est id inkapem uns territorial rekreigen quod endti med id pehden ios senst bastion os DIISCH in Marto 2019. Dien 27 October 2019, un US raid neict al-Baghdadi. DIISCH neti exist ka territorium, bet ids ideologia namant.