Mahabharata

Id Mahabharata (Sanskrit : महाभारतम् / Mahâbhâratam) est oiter iom dwo major Sanskrit epsen os Awo Hind, alter esend id Ramayana. Id narret id katu inter dwo grupps cousinen unte id Kurukschetra Weir ed ia meinyuns iom Kaurava ed Pândava princen ed os ir succession.

Traditional-ye, is autor ios Mahabharata est anadeht ad Vyâsa. Est mohnt od ia veutst preserven parts ios texte ne sont ex prever circum 400 pre JC, quayque ia origins ios epos shayad wehse inter ia 8im ed 9t secules. Id texte mukhtmel-ye niek sien final forme unte id aus Gupta prist (circum 4t secule nosters era). Yeji idswo Mahabharata, id narn est un extens version ex un corter om 24 000 stiches kalen simple-ye Bhârata.

Id Mahabharata est id longsto gnohn poem, ex uper 100 000 "shlokas" au uper 200 000 individual stichelignes, ed long prose passages. Med 1,8 millions werden in summ, id Mahabharata est grosso modo decs longer quem com ia Iliad ed Odysseia, wa circa quars longer quem id Ramayana.

Draupadî con ays penkwe manns, iens Pândavas. Nieb iam seddt Yudhischthira. Seddend ghomi sont Bhîma ed Arjuna. Stahnd sont ies dwins Nakula ed Sahadeva. Pineg ab Raja Ravi Varma, circum 1900

En un oku analyse iom octdem chantes, inegalen longen, ex qua sept, bayna ia sensta (X, XI, XIV-XVIII) sont baygh minter antplohcta quem alters ed yando quasi schematic. Id presto chante, quod conditiont id hol reste, naudht un jixayer resumen.

CHANTE 1st - Âdiparvan - आदिपर्व - "inkapsbuk"

In-kap id chante sont kowpt legends dayir iens legendar autor ed prest recitant ios poem, dind ia origins ios dynastia. Un sorte os preface mathmount sammel uno memorandum iom gwehmend wakyas ed, kay ghabe ia, un "samdih", pior ops ayt secundar : i persons ios Mahabharata, bo magni ed maung secundars, hatta episodics, sont supernatural sesi, divs ed demons, incarnet pos Brahmas wehlen pro id megil weir, tod habend ka providential ziel rehme id ardh ud un etiweiken id khact tules. De id dynastia, esdi gwehmt ex Bharata, son os Duschmanta ed tas heroyin samt riche literar future qua est Shakuntalâ, alyos atav remant tem notable, ye id vidpointo ios nam : Kuru. Boghi peindparties, in id poem, sessient kathalika Kauravas, "Kurus descendants", wa bragver-ye Kurus, yed opser-ye sessiet tod nam reserven ad oiter, im "ghieters"; ter est sem ambiguitato de quod est zaruri warne.

Tik ia sensta generations ios dynastia sont important pro id action. Diva Gangâ gehnt ei roy Shantanu un son, namt preter Devavrata, dind Bhîschma, qui est is incarnation ios div Dyu, yani "Dyew". So sunu tyehgvt sammel regne ed wehde, kay permitte sieni pater ghame un dwoter esor de quam is est enstyohrct ed quas kaurer submitt ays wehden tibs dwo conditions; ka taschakur, eys pater ei confert id privilege os mehre bad quanlibt : quo ei mehghti tehrtum tri generations aun kwecto luses sien gwis.

Bhîschma est preter, pos id mohrt siens pater, is kaurer sienen dwo pwolbraters gnaht ex id dwoter gham. Toy, Citrângada ed Vicitravîrya, regne uter pos alter ed bo mehrnt yun, aunpurt. Kay swekwehre id naduren ios dynastia, Bhîschma ed ia mater-rayn gehneihnt purts pro id conto ios mortu per un yazget, yed straugh ascete, eti secret son ias mater-rayn. Vicitravîryas dwo vidvas levernt-se tei dohlg, bet id dekhschat ir partner iabs causet iti hat consequences : is atsto son, Dhrtarâschtra, gnaht blind ob eys mater hat cluden sien okwi unte id strineg; is dwot, Pându, gnaht pall, blank (est id maynen os eys nam), ob eys mater hat pallasct; is trit, Vidura, obehlt gwit uni khida : ne subeihskwnd iter tod ordeil, ia prest rayn hat yisen vice se un slougu, un shûdra, gwen ex id ghemst classe; isghi purt est melez, quo ne ei stambht ses is incarnation os div Dharma.

Ex tens tri disgracen sons, tik is dwot, is minst-ye desvantaget, est apt ad regne. Isghi waldht, pos Bhîschma hat wehdiht iom dwo gwens, Kuntî ed Mâdrî. Stragn ed corto regne : pos un serie kwoinweiren protie sienens niebers, Pându reict klewost, bet, instet baytel in sieno nagor, Hastinapura, is weict in ia jawarforesta con sien dwo esors, ed tetos, med un gigumto messagern, is wanact sien rig. Sem dien, unte saydt, is veurnt do nehc un ascete qui hieb mutawardhen do gazelle kay se lever ibs plaisures os liubh; is ascete balstehmt iom ed aziyat iom ad mehre ob id prest glaben is permittsiet sib. Gwaukan de ne permitte sib sem, Pându dehlct ed volt yed dahe hereds ei dynastia. Cengki-ye, eys preter esor, Kuntî, behandt un exceptional magh : in ays aus yuwent, un blaghmen dia quom ia hieb suasulouken iti dahsit ay uno mantra, un formule quosmed ia ghehdt prehpihes quellibt div ed gehne ud iom un purt. Wohlen ab sieno mann, iaghi kyeuct ein pos ein, unte oinyar tempsa, iens div Dharmu, Vâyu ed Indra; iam gehneihnt sons quoy dakent ka nams Yudhischthira, Bhîma ed Arjuna. Ia permitt poskwo ad Pândus dwoter esor folossie id formule; Mâdrî kyeuct iens divin dwins, iens Ashvins, quoy iam gehneihnt, oino yar pos Arjunas gnahsa, dwins, Kakula ed Sahadeva. Toy penk pwarns, klut ka sons os Pându, sessient kalt ies Pândavas : sont ies "sell" central heroys ios poem. Pau pos, Pându khact resiste Mâdrîs beauteit, sbehndt iam ed mehrt. Mâdrî steight ep id piurna sienios mann, pos betreusus sien sons ad Kuntî.

Is blindo Dhrtarâschtra, bosorgo brater os Pânsu, qui hat wohdt princesse Gândharî, hat yed gehnihto cent sons, ye un pau appetittant weidos : ex un krewosmasse preter conserven in un pot, poskwo dividen do cent parts. Is atst, Duryodhana, gwohmto do luce sammel quem Bhîma gnahsit ex Vâyu, est is incarnation unios mahibe demon, Kali. Menacend omens hamrahnt eyso gnahsa ed ies hakimes radhe eysi pater maule iom. Eys pater refuset, aurghend un serie slieben qua dreibhsient pelu biedas.

Bo cousinengrupps, ies sons os Pâdu ed ies sons os Dhrtarâschtra, comcrehsce, sub id double tutele irios granduncle Bhîschma ed ios blindios Dhrtarâschtra, con eminent hofmaysters, ex quens is magnest esti Drona, yani is incarnation os div Brhaspati. Baygh aus, Duryodhana bevidt dusmenos. Yudhischthira, quan is habsiet naken id oumer, dehlct normal-ye succedde sien defunct pater, dehlct bihe roy, bet Duryodhana ne se resignet. Is deht kapans ibs Pândavas ed quasi kamyapt, sems, nices Bhîma. Dank noroct hasards, dankschi iom melez oncle, Vidura, qui tarct ed ghapt quant, ies Pândavas survive. Hatta skapent, dank Viduras providence, id brand ios "lacadom", quer Duryodhana, samt id consent siens lamentable pater, wohlp iens aydhe gwiv. Is blindo deploret ta faydhs, ta aunieusias, ta skeulsa: Bhîschma, Vidura, Drona urge iom ad resiste Duryodhana : is ne hat force pro to ed sint kwehre.

Unte id tid ies Pândavas passe incognitos in un forest, con ir mater, pos mwaungsouvs ex id lacadom, Arjuna kreict, ud un svayamvara, id ghesor as princesse Draupadî, incarnation as divu Shrî. Is neiht iam do id forest. Aurnd eysa stieups ed mehnend is bringht tik pitu, Kuntî scriet : "Combruncte ghi !" Id wekwos unias mater est un irrevocable wehlen : yinjier, Draupatî niet bayghe tik ad Arjuna, sontern, esdi tod regime esti scandaleus in id regard ios aryios moralitat, biht ia commun esor iom penk bratern.

Lakin, id khabar ios furkan iom Pândavas hat spohrt. Un arrangement biht viconcluden : Yudhischthira dact id dwidel ios roydem ed sib structi ter uno nagor, Indraprastha. Poskwo, kay se punihes ob infrangus, in un fall os force-majeure, un wehlen siens borsorg ios roy, Arjuna exilet-se; tod kionku duret dwodem yars ed comprindt plur long-ye narret fameus aventures.

Shantanu curtiset Satyavati, iam peiskerin, qua sessiet eys dwoter esor. Pineg ab Raja Ravi Varma.

CHANTE II - Sabhâparvan - सभापर्व - "saraysbuk"

Arjuna joint sien braters; is daber Maya, quom is hat salven ex un brand, hamraht iom ed construct pro Yudhischthira un schungjin palat. So celebret ter id megil sacrifice ios râjasûya, wa royal consecration. Inviten tei fest, ies Kaurava cousins invite ep ir roigo iens Pândavas do Hastinapura. Tun exmehnti Duryodhana id meist vyigic forfact. Is udtehrct sib ud sien pater id autorisation os provoque Yudhischthira uni zahrkumar, yed samt uno magic-ye khabisihn zahr. So tem pur wir est appassionato de tod leik, to est eyso saulo sliebe. Warnt ab Vidura de quo exspectet iom, is gwaht lakin id kyeuken siens oncle ed leict, habend ka partner un scharike Duryodhanas. Is leust ein pon eino sien tresurs, sien schungjin palat, sien roydem, sien braters, ir esor. Sa biht salwt gnebh ab idpet excess ios insolence om Duryodhana ed eys braters : kheissas dia ia prehgens ias biedan, Dhrtarâschtra hat un gwisspreud ed bataleiht vasya resultats ios khabis ernu. Bet, pau pos, is autoriset un dwoter, quer, iter, Yudhischthira leust vasya pands. Ye tod ker, to esti definitive : vicen, id pact is hat acceptet iti makhkoumeihti iom ad gwive dwodem yars in id forest, con sien braters ed ir commun esor, ed ad spende un tridemt yar querlibt, bet incognito.

Is virtuteus royo Yudhischthira succumbht sien kumaraddiction, leusti sien roydem, sien braters, sien esor ka pand. Tod kwiter deict id oisdusa as raynu Draupadî, pos is hat lusen iam ka zahrpand.

CHANTE III - Vanaparvan - वनपर्व - "forestbuk"

Quayque id action pau antslehnct, est, med 17 500 distiches, id longsto chante ios poem. Pehldt bilhassa med pelu storias qua ies forest kalughers gwehme ad lehge ibs Pândavas : id maschourstum est yod iom biedas ed ios revanche os Nala, alyo victim os zahrkumar, ed as Damayantî, eys esor. Oin important incident : royo Jayadratha deurst rabe Draupadî; ies penk braters persehkwnt iom, ed vincus iom, linkwnt iom eys gwit - quo is siet use kay allie-se irims peinds.

Nala ed Damayantî, pineg ab Raja Ravi Varmi

CHANTE IV - Virâtaparvan - विराटपर्व - "Virâtas buk"

Est id tridemt yar, tos os imposen incognito : sei se sinent aunstehge, ies Pândavas ed Draupadî dehlcsient rinkape dwodem yars exile in id forest. Gwahnt ghi bei roy Virâta ed, sub divers desguisens, bi-service iom. Draupadî distaraght ia insolent deursias os un general ios roy, quom Bhîma, aun se dismaske, neict. Dar aun se rekehgnihes, ies Pândavas behrgent roy Virâta ud un double invasion, dwoter esend id fact iom Kauravas, yani iren wi cousins : general repetition ios jenchi drame quod slehncsiet inter ia VIt ed IXto chantes.

Quan id yar hat peridohnt, ies Pândavas revele ir identitat. Schakir, staunend, Virâta propont sien dugter Uttarâ ka esor ad Arjuna, qui iam acceptet, yed pro Abhimanyu, iom son quom ia swester os Krschna ei hat gohnt. Menghi Krschna, incarnation os Vischnu, hat ja plurs intervenen providential-ye do ia ordeils subiht ab iens Pândavas, quoy sont eys piern kerabs, bad-ye de ab id sehkwndo chante act is bi iens sien plen rol os protector ed biht oin im magnen persons ios poem.

Kichaka ed Draupadî, pineg ab Raja Ravi Varmi

CHANTE V - Udyogaparvan - उद्योग पर्व - "effortsbuk"

Khatem ir exile, schiawkienen ia consequences ios kumar, ies Pândavas ghehldeihnt iro rect, parat eti ad se contente, ka hol rig, med penk weiks. Krschna est ir ambassador. Dwis gwaht Hastinapura. Trehfti terkye Dhrtarâschtra, Bhîschma, Drona, ed weidwos Vidura, ryowkhow uni playct ed partisans os pace; bet vasya peitens - est id buk iom logsen, brehge protiev id inflexible refuse os Duryodhana. Id weir est nevergible.

Meneghs allieiten comgwehme, immense armees comage ambi. Bhîschma acceptet ses is generalissim tos Duryodhana quos zulms is proclamet jahar, eger lakin is niet dehlge nices sem om sienens nepots, ni un stragnem personem, Shikhandin, pieg transformen do pwarn, qual haines persehkwt iom neadonim-ye. Bi iens Pândavas, Dhrschtadyumna, brater as Draupadî ed incarnation ios div Ogwn, Agni, sessiet generalissim ed Krschna se beuwt prisedd os Arjunas wogh, bet warnt is niet wighes.

Krschna ka ambassador, pineg ab Raja Ravi Varma

CHANTE VI - Bhîschmaparvan - भीष्म पर्व - "Bhîschmas buk"

Bhîschmas ammer duret unte ia presta dec diens tos curieus-ye rult boi : biht drohdt aghyerns ed posmiddiens menxu, in ia pauses, anghen visitet mutu curtese-ye, muadeb-ye, ex lagher do lagher. Ismen autor ios poemios ne emt ep sien conto id narration iom jenchiwakyas : tod de est un longo narn quod ei blindi Dhrtarâschtra lehct un dervo prient quom un staur ascete hat beghaben pro tod circumstance med double vid.

Pre ia prest combats, ja inreid, Arjuna, desperato de tod swesgven katu, profund-ye schawngdant; eys prisedd Krschna meudht iom ub med philosophic lohrs de action ed desire, de apparences ed realitat, ed virevelet quis-on is est, Vischnu, salvor ios mund : est id Bhagavad Gitâ.

Ye id vesper ios nevtios dien, isswo Bhîschma aunkehldert ad Yudhischthira id saul wassila kay nices iom, yani, dat sien privilege, kay consentihes iom nehce : siet baste od ei biht opposen el nergwen Shikhandin, protie-yel is hat pact is mae alecsiet. Yinjier, ye id decto dien, brungend tod istikhbara ed schalaschend-ye se apter Shikhandin, Arjuna ed eysi sokwis gvehne iom grandoncle med isus. Bet Bhîschma, vurnto do mohrt, declaret is niet mehre fauran : darn uper id ghom, kam ep un lict, ab ia isus quommed ghehrst, is prispehcsiet preter id fin iom combats.

Is impatient Krschna gvehnskwt Bhîschma bet Arjuna stambht ei.

CHANTES VII, VIII, IX - Dronaparvan, Karnaparvan, Shalyaparva - द्रोण पर्व / कर्ण पर्व / शल्य पर्व - Drona, Karna, Shalya sbei buks

Tri generalissims succedde mutu ka sirdars im "ghietern", ed vimehrnt ein pos ein (is trit, medsu) ye id fin siens eponym chante : hofmayster Drona, dind Karna, qui est uno misgnoht bosorgo brater iom Pândavas, quom Kuntî meg yun hieb gohnen ei div Sowel dank id sam formule quod sollit ei permitte serter kyukes Dharma, Vâyu ed Indra; fin-ye Shalya, is matruw oncle iom yunst Pândavas, dwins, qui hat yed joint id duschman partie.

Ta chantes pehlde med athime duels; ia dwo importantsta sont, ye id fin ios octim, tod, fatal ad Karna, quod oppont iom ad Arjuna; ye id fin ios nevt, tod om Duryodhana ed Bhîma : med un pau loyal cut, yed autoriset ab Krschna, ed kemti quo is hieb homologhen pos id khabis zahrernu, Bhîma brehct ia bemerns os sien duschman. Duryodhana vicen ed nigvohnen, id reste os eys armee disbandet, id weir est khatem.

Arjuna Wijaya (vigeiht) monument in Jakarta, Indonesia, samt Krischna ed Arjuna in id wogh. Is svensko muallim Stig Wikander bringht id narn tos boi prosch tod os Bràvellir, in id Gesta Danorum, ed dik ithan ids oraryum origin.

CHANTE X - Sauptikaparvan - सौप्तिक पर्व - "swehpernbuk"

Tri jenchis Duryodhanas, ies tri sensti, venge eys marloubia. Ir chef est Ashvatthâman, son os Drona, ed incarnation om sammel Rudra-Shiva, Mohrt, Grassab, Wehnos, ed quom penetret eti, unte un fatasmagoric scene, isswo div Shiva : tuntos, Ashvatthâman est Shiva kam Krschna est Vischnu. Menxu ies jenchis iom Pândavas - toy ed Krschna esend absent - linkwnt-se aunbaysa ad swehpen, Ashvatthâman entret ir lagher, con un immense horde monstern dughen ab Shiva, ed massacret vasyens : Dhrshtadyumna iom generalissim, iens Draupadeyas, yani iens penk sons Draupadî gohn ibs penk Pândavas, etc. Dind is joint sien dwo driugs quoy stahnt wakht nieb id entren ed ies tri gwehme ad giughine ia sensta moments os Duryodhana med id narn irs buxianxu exploit. Poskwo Ashvatthâman disprehpt do id forest.

Ies Pândavas ed Krschna joinent iom tetro. Quan is vidt iens, is lehnct un terrible xeudil, perneicmon id mund. Bet Krschna ed sem present kalughers neutralise id. Dat tod strehl khact esus xuden in vain, Ashvatthâman diswehrt id kyi embryos qui ias esors iom Pândavas behrnt we behrsient in ir gwelbhs, quibs is addeiht iom gnahtur napter Arjunas. Krschna iom makhkoumeiht tun do trimil yars exile ed consolet iens Pândavas ibs mehldend-ye od, gwohmen id dien, is fauran screiscsiet iom mohrtgnaht purt, - quo is kwehrsiet in Chante XIV.

Ye id end ios weir, Arjunas wogh aydht.

CHANTE XI - Strîparvan - स्त्री पर्व - "sterenbuk"

Nespekent quanto hat wakyet, is blindo Dhrtarâschtra ed eys esor Gândharî se reconcilyent con ir victor nepots, bet Gândharî balstehmt Krschna, quom ia massouleiht de sien biedas. Ias gwens rieudhe iens mortus, quoy bihnt sepulen.

CHANTES XII ed XIII - Shantîparvan & Anushânaparvan - शान्ति पर्व / अनुशासन पर्व - "pace buk" & "talimsbuk"

Desperat ob tanta maurdhs, Yudhischthira tyehgvskwt un pior dorgv-ye rekrict royaltat ed gwivskwt ka biku. Difficil-ye, eys braters, Krschna, plur hakimes ei prevue od eys dohlg est regne. Is seut-se ed, in id druna tom dwo immense buks, dact ud grandonclem Bhîschma, nadart in id hava ab ia isus uper un wangwl ios walu, ia variatst lections om theologia ed moralitat.

Capitels 75 do 83 ios Anushânaparvan describe id wirt ed rey gwowi skipe, ir wodstu ed protection.

CHANTE XIV - Âshvamedhikaparvan - अश्वमेध पर्व - "buk ios sacrifice ios ekwios"

Yudhischthira regnet in pace, ieustet, eti, nespekent ia millions leuden nict unte id boi, in prosperitat. Biht hohlpen ab sien braters ed sien dwo onclens, Dhrtarâschtra, quei is bevidt ia megst regards, ed Vidura. Celebret id sacrifice ios ekwios (ashvamedhia), long-ye descript.

Arjuna sehkwt iom ekwo pro id Âshamedha. Tod ritual est sigwra oraryios origin, mathalan i awi Romans celebreer id "October Equus".

CHANTE XV - Âshramavâsikaparvan - आश्रमवासिक पर्व - "buk ios ermitage mukam"

Pos collaborevs penkdem yars con ir nepot, Dhrtarâschtra ed Vidura, tem quem Gândharî, Kuntî mater iom Pândavas, ed dwo slougs, sgwehme do id forest. Unte un visite iom penk bratern, Vidura men, ja exhausen ab ia ascetic exercices, upervehrst literal-ye sien ses do Yudhischthira. Est neid stauneihnd in to : Vidura est un incarnation ios sam div Dharma qui hat gehniht Yudhischthira. Dhrtarâschtra de ed eys alyi sokwis nehce pau pos unte id brand ios forest : ir iser ogwns hant embraden ia drus; talg nehc im garantiet id enviablest beurt in akhira.

CHANTE XVI - Mausalaparvan - मौसल पर्व - "waghernbuk"

Est id fin om Krschna ed eys folk. Krschna subeiht plur balstehmens, ex qua id senst esti tod swohrn ab Gândharî in Chante XI. Sem dien kun i Yâdavas - est id nam os eys folk - sont samghat, un faydh udbrehct, quanti smyehrnt id. Kwecto est neid danger : sont aunweben. Bet ia neds i karpent iti transforment-se do waghers ed neice mutu tiel el senst. Saul surviver, Krschna biht nicen ab id isu os un sayad. Eys wastu sehnct do id ocean.

Combats in Prabhasatirtha

CHANTE XVII - Mahâprasthânikaparvan - महाप्रस्थानिक पर्व - "megilsafer buk"

Kheissend is gerasct, Yudhischthira establiet vice se ep id thron sien grandnepot Parikschit, iom mohrtgnahn ed scriscen Parikschit. Dind, con sien braters, Draupadî ed un derv kwaun, is ghanct baygh meg diu, tiel trans id Himalaya, kya Paradaysa. Draupadî, dind ies yems, dind Arjuna, dind Bhîma daunte untitner. Tik Yudhischthira nact id termin ios safer, con iom kwaun, qui se revelet ka Dharma, eys wi pater.

CHANTE XVIII - Svargârohaparvan - स्वर्गारोहण पर्व - "buk ios steighen do warwn"

In Akhiras divers parts, Yudhischthira retrehft samt joyo sien prients ex dighom : uters, incarnations em divs au divportions, hant emto tsay ir places; alters, divsunus, sedde prokwem ir paters.