Mesopotamia (ex hellen : Μεσοποταμία, in Awo Parsi : Miyanrudan, in Aramay : Beth-Nahrin) est un iklime Asias ambh id Tigris ed id Purat quod oistrehct pon Tyrkia ed Suria ep Irak.
Mesopotamias delimitations[]
Etymologia[]
Id lexis "Mesopotamia" buit creet ab i Hellens, ex μέσος = "medyos", ed ποταμός = "sreumen" kay kyuses id fertil iklime lyehgend inter ia dwo mier fluvs qua seikwnti do id Gulf os Pars, id Tigris ed id Purat. Todghi ambghehrdt id iraki part iom dwo dals, samt un extension kyid Nordwest amalan tiel id grance inter ia actual Suria ed Tyrkia.
Tod nam prehpt sub id kalem ios Hellen historian Polybyios ye id IIt secule pre JC, bet shayad ne buit usen ab iswo Mesopotamiaks kay se kyuses. Eti ne est yakin an se hant ayt un communitat ye id scal tos territorium sontern ka meg diversa grupps quer i Hellens, im dahnd oino nam, hant kyunggiawn ia samkweits inter i.
Geographia[]
Mesopotamia est in facto double ye id geographic vidpoint. Nordi, sem plukwid wedwent plateaus permitte un aunirrigation agriculture (quo nect Mesopotamia ei Barakaten Hilal); Sudi, irrigation est necessar bet facilihn ab id prokwtat iom dwo mier fluvs, ios Tigris ed ios Purat, qua buir interyugen med un sophisticat canalnetwehrg. Skeipent un commun delta, med id channel Schatt-al-Arab, strategic ob ids ports ana id Gulf os Pars, kam Basra, ed ob id opnos ios panyios. Ye noster zaman, id teursen iom fluvs ob id hydraulic siyassa ghyorworts est un grave probleme.
Id essential point esr od agriculture gnoht in tod zone uno meg miero prosperitat. Id induct opnos vaht habe ka consequence id gnahsa os un civilisation (au hatta pluren civilisations) besonters-ye brilliant.
To sayct, bo zones ne skeipe druve-ye oino menghia, ed mier urbs antslehnke parallel-ye au concurrence-ye in uteralter zone. Nordi : Aschour, tem quem Mari, Ninive, etc; Sudi Babylon, con Uruk ed Ur khaliban.
Ia niweikens ne sont samlik in bo zones. Nordi wehsent schemi populations. Sudi, Svhoumris hant lyt ed lyt supplanten ia local populations.
Ex id historic vidpoint[]
In tod vasto zone ia successions regnen au hatta om gouvernance modus hant gohnen un extreme historic complexitat. I specialistes connecte ia different zamans ibs sites ep-ya ielg megil culture buit identifien ye id prest ker.
- Ab 5500 pre JC : Nordi (site os Tell Halaf) kam sudi (site os Tell-Ubayd), evolution kye complexer, hierarchisen, social structures samt maestria om elaboret techniques (irrigation, metallkalaben, etc.)
- Ab 4000 pre JC (site os Uruk) : Stets importanter ed oistructuret weiks, qua bihnti druv citads. Technic innovations : hogqualitat industrial ceramique, techniques kay memorise informations (qua adducsient id invention ios scriben)
- Ab 3000 pre JC (Domination ios sud os Mesopotamia). Sudi, importanto netwehrg om Civitats bohnden per un akster communitat os schoumri culture, bet rival ed ops in weir. Mier urbs, archives, statues, etc, atteste uno meg hognivell cuture. Megil textes bihnt scriben. Nordi, kathalika skaun urbanum antslehnken.
- Ab 2340 pre JC (Domination ios Nord Mesopotamias). Inversion iom influencenzones : id nord, niwict ab Schemis, uperwehndt id sud, niwict ab schoumris. Id culture os schemi origin estnamdeht akkaditum, ex id nam ios nov nagor, Akkad. Id concept os wiswank imperium tayt id prever systeme iom civitats.
- Circum 2100 pre JC, collapse ios akkaditios imperyios. Reiken do id prever politic systeme ed do id schoumri bahsa, aun myehrse ia akkadita brineghs. Megil propsperitat, pau durable (troublet prist ab 2000 pre JC)
- Circum 1800 pre JC. Apparition om nov populations ed unios nov bahsa : id amurri, os schemi origin. Nov dynastias, bet id amurri ne se dwinght (subsist in pauk nams); akkaditum remant id dominant bahsa. Rigs focust ep un urb samt smulk vassal Stats; staurerascen os Babylon sub id waldh os roy Ammurapi. Intense literaro production ed legtextes (Code os Ammurapi grohven ep un stele)
- 1500-1200 pre JC : geopolitic taraghens. Maghleus os Babylon ed augen ios influence im Hittites (Anadolu), im Aschourays (Nordeust Mesopotamia), os Misr. Dind arriven om nov populations, "Lawa Dehnwen" ed Aramays.
- 1200-600 pre JC : aschouray suprematia. Denso netwehrg om commerce ed exchanges, ed yando brutal krigs (resiste est ayn un synt protiev i divs). Rivalitats inter ia successive nagors ios Aschouray imperium ed Babylon quod gweupt id prestige uns cultural ed religieus nagor. Id magho collapt ab-kap id VIIim secule pre JC, quayque hat naken sien apogee.
- 600-530 : Nov babyloni imperium. Sub Nabukudurriusur II, os kalsdi origin, megil economic prosperitat ed cultural effervescence.
- Ab -539 : Mesopotamia biht krigen :
- ab i Parsis (539 pre JC)
- ab i Hellens os Alexander iom Megil (331 pre JC)
- ab i Parthawis (140 pre JC)
Nabukudurriussur II (quos namo maynt "Nabu, uperwakh mien hered") buit is dwot roy ios Neobabyloni Imperium, regnend ex 605 do sieno mohrt in 562 pre JC. Is est ayn is megst roy tos imperium, fameus ob sien woinas in Schark ed ir rol in Yudi historia, ed pro sien constructionsprojects in sieno nagor Babylon, pati ia Hangend Gardens. Eys 43yaro regne buit is longst ios Babyloni dynastia. Kun is mohr, is eet bayna tienxia staurst wanaks.
Un civilisationsmahed[]
Agriculture[]
Nu-hat tyohct in tod iklime id megil taraghen, ye id neolithic zaman (circum 7000 pre JC) quod hat uperniht i menscens ex id status em vagder yaghers do tod em wikpact agrents, weuxend ep ghomkeulen ed wodstu.
Tod taraghen est mutlak gigantesk. Pressuppont id maestria om technic sophisticat alats ed gestes pro keulen ed wodstu - quo est in se exceptional, bet vaht sammel transforme profund-ye ia-pet kweits im menscen ed menscensocietats. Idghi antslehnken iom agrent opsen est hamrahn ab id apparition om multicellular habitats, yani unios nov social organisation.
Societat[]
Sub id effect ios aunpreceddent richerascen quod hamraht id anslehnken os agriculture, id hol menscenopos wehst modifiet.
Id prest consequence esti tod ios antslehnken om constituen, complexifien societats, quer ia taska bihnt specialiset ed quer, ex tod fact, ia exchanges multiplient-se. Ceramique, quod prehpt ye id VIIim millennium, schahidet tod multiplication iom exchangen.
To biht hamraht ab un augen os urbanisation ed iom communicationszariyas.
Ia politic structures modifient-se kathalika profund-ye unte id hol historia Mesopotamias, samt id volven ios civitat kya rigs sulen in monarchias os divin ieus, iom roy esend chusen ab i divs kay ses iro representer dighomi.
Scriben[]
Scriben gnahsit in Mesopotamia circum 3300 pre JC; est id unitatsfactor tos civilisation.
Est kalen santak; sont combinations om triangularcap streugs product ab id print ios nedkalem do fresch loim, sprijino nudt kay scribe in ta gaivias quer dreu eet rar. Buir retrohven centens om tusents om liompianjis, material quod esti meg suaconservable bilhassa sei id buit pohkwt (mathalan in id brand uns palat unte un weir).
Tienjien-ye, ia santaki signes reproduce realiste, schematic au symbolic kwiters, bet id scriben evolvt in id druna os wakto kye meis abstraction. Itak id numer signen (circa 800 in-kap) trendti minces. Id evolution iom signen biht kardwnt ab id neud om syllabic swons, qua richereihnti ia possibilitats os notation edghi id recorden om stets meis elaboren formes os lurhat. Itak id santak hat-se bevis besonters adaptable : daught preter kay niscribe schoumri, ed biht poskwo adapten kun id nov dominant bahsa biht id akkaditum. Bohrn ab id expansion ios mesopotamiak influence in id region, biht employn kay note linguas om meg different folks, kam hittite in Anadolu. Est hatta trohft in textes in awo parsi, bahsa nudt ab i souverains os Pars ye id 1st milennium pre JC. Id regreddt poskwo ant id aramay alphabetic scriben, bet remanti employto tiel ab-kap id 1sto secule pre JC, pre disparihes sammel quem id mesopotamiak civilisation.
Daught preter kay recorde administrative data, bet se tawrlienti moxu kafi pro bihe neudet vasyalgims textes.
Enki (schoumri) wa Ea (akkaditum), is babyloni Aquen Nepot, pater Marduks ed mann as divu Ninki, skip un triade con Anu (Warwnum) ed Enlil (div om Air ed Dighom). Yeji id Creationsepos bihsit is so Aquen Nepot pos neicus Apsu, personification ios enderghompreswedernt. Eetschi ayto div om Magia ed Mensdeh. In id mythos ios Deluge, nu-salvt iom babyloni Noe, Utanapishtim, strugeihnd-ye iom uno nauk. Eys principa temple stahsit in id urb Eridu.
Influence ios mesopotamiak literature[]
Id mesopotamiak literature appareihti circum 500 yars pos id invention os scriben, yani medsu id IIIt millennium pre JC, in Sud Mesopotamia. Ia presta textes neude id schoumri bahsa, quod neti exist ka baht lingua chunke buit supplantet ab akkaditum. Bet remant id bahsa iom intellectuals, iom circulen prokwem id royal au sakerdotal magh. Dind, ab id IIt millennium, akkaditum siet supplante schoumri, dahnd un larger antslehnken tei literature chunke akkaditum esti druve-ye un bahsa commun ei hol mesopotamiak zone.
Mythsa[]
Un certaino numer narnen sont focusen ep i mesopotamiak divs, aun od biht wois quod eet ir exact rol in ia rites ed liturgias. Ops, sont etiologic, yani pangent ia causes talgs phenomen, talgs rite, os talg swohd, med id narn om facts ed gestes im divs.
Daydey, ta narns tracte sem divitat sonter alters. Pro Enki (in akkaditum : Ea), div qui regnet ep id Abzu, yani cosmic gixiawedor quois iswehrnt ia lacs, sreumens ed surces, ed qua separe ia Endra (ender-ya) ud dighom (quod flottet ep ia), sonti gnoht plur textes kam Enki ed id aurdhen ios mund au Id safer Enkis do Nippur. Pro Innana (in akkaditum : Ischtar), divu om weir ed liubh, maghe bihe udwekwnt Innana ed Bilulu au Innanas nigumto do Endra.
Preter-ye redact in schoumri, ta narns describe ed bfwendane id organisation ios mund, id creation al mensc, id jidal protie ia forces os Chaos, safers, betschi liubhsibias au conflicts (inter divitats, au yando con un mensc). Oins kun akkadito hat-se dwighen, ia product narns antplehcent samlik thematiques prolongend-ye id classic schoumri tradition (mathalan con un novo version ios safer as Innana/Ischtar do Endra).
Serter lakin sema nov thematiques appareihnt, ab id end ios IIt millennium, qua dahnt un larger place im menscims, ibs menscensocietats, ibs sibias inter menscens ed divs. Mathalan, un cosmogonic poem deict un yun jenchidiv, Marduk, katue protiev un divitat os disaurdhen, Tiamat (iam mar), ed eys victoria ghehldt yeschi id scal ios urbios Babylon quos protector is biht sub id forme ios roy qui est eys ambact.
Epsa[]
Sont focust ep menscpersons, esdi divs intervenent.
Id importantst est id "epos os Gilgamesh" (in akkaditum : ša nagba imuru), un legendar roy ios urb Uruk qui bihsiet kathalika diviniht do Endrenjudce. Ia presta textes dayir iom tarikhe ex id IIIt millennium pre JC (sontghi prever quem ia homeric epsa); tractent conflicts con alyens roys, con divin sesens, tiel ia Endra. Ta fragments forme un epic cycle, preter schoumri dind akkaditum, hina se skipes in-kap id prest millennium pre JC do oin coherent narn.
Gilgamesh est preter un tyrannic roy, seuwnt-yei i divs un duschman, Enkidu. Id drehden tyehct aun sia un victor ed bo heroys bihnt prients. Comkwehrnti dwo mier katus, protiev un gigant poskwo un Warwntaur. Bet Enkidu mehrt, ed Gilgamesh, klewost heroy, rieudt sien prient. Abpaurscti ghi id secret nemertios. Incontret Utnapishtim, un wir nemertiascus pos survivevs id Deluge, qui ei deicti quer wehst id Gwitsplante. Exhaust, un serpent klehptti plante-on ud Gilgamesh. Is heroy endergwehmti do id saul consolation accessible im menscims, un gwit passen hemi aun kaure de mohrt.
Tod epos os Gilgamesh hat correspondances in id europay civilisation. Hat piwt id id figure ios heroy kam pagen in Awo Hellad, edghi in vasya civilisations hereds os Hellad. Id theme ios nigumtios do Endra est kathalika ad enrelatione con ia kathire textes tos type present in id hellen-roman literature (Homer, Vergilius). Eti, sonti trohven correspondances inter tod epos ed id Bible, quod hat mathalan conservet kathalika uno narn ios Deluge.
Alya epsa, in schoumri dind akkaditum, hant ka heroys sem historic-ye attestet roys, ambh-yens aggregent-se different legends habend ka vocation id enprospecten om ideologic ed politic considerations, mathalan-ye mimehnend-ye de ia causes ios collapse uns imperium. Daydey, ta epsa kyunggiawnti "mensdeh" ka condition os excellence, mensdeh quod permitt conserve un sauno meido iom ambitions ed actions, ubweirtend-ye id experience os gwit ed iom limites al mensc besonters per comparation con id divino mund.
Ia biblic textes[]
Ia biblic textes conserve mult facts de id mesompotamiak historia ios 1st secule, esdi ta ne sonti stricto sensu schahidias ob sont orienten per ia didactic ed polemic objectives wi ibs redactors ios Bible. Also Babylon au Ninive sbei augos ed opnos daughent ka contramodels, esdi bihnt admiren. Un roy kam Nabukudurriussur est presenten ka is archetype os gurur, ka is absolut peind. Eys long regne est prect ab id prise om Tsour ed Jerusalem, ed ab id deportation im Yudis do Babylon in 586 pre JC. Id splendor ios urb, samt Ishtars monumental dwor ed id etagentor ios megil temple, hat durable-ye pregen ments med id mythic image ios Tor os Babel.
Ta biblic textes vahnt pregnes id hol imaginarium Europes. Id episode ios tor os Babel (quos nam gwehmt ex Babylon), mathalan, wehst in id Buk os Genesis. Deict i menscens kyast ab Div ob strucskwus uno nebhskrehbend tor; ir kyasen consist id apparition om mutiple bahsas kay ensans neti prete mutu. Id architecture ios tor est inspiret ex uno mesopotamiak model, id mier zikkurat os div Marduk, un religieus edifice comprindend degrees ed terrasses, quod precti kafi ia ments kay id tor biht meg trans id antique zaman un symbol om aunmeidia ed chaos.
Trans literature, i weikers os Sud Mesopotamia, i Kalsdis, eent incontestet specialistes os astronomia, quod ne se enderkwit, pro i, ud astronomia. Etileikwnt ex ir science sem sulhassiles kam id sixgimtiahissab ed id division ios yar do dwodem munts.