Etymologia: Ex latino moralis = "quo concernt mores".
Definition: Id lexis "moralitat" kyeust, ordinar-ye, ia conductreuls in usage in un societat. In philosophia, uno moralitat est un aumwento doctrine quod sbringht ia wirts ed ia ziels qua dehlge rules id menscenaction.
Ethique ed moralitat[]
Ia lexis ethique ed moralitat orgwehme ex latin ed hellen synonyms: ήθος in hellen maynt "sesweidos", "mores", ed senter werd est id sam in latin. Prabhil-ye ghi dehlgient ta dwo lexis brunges id sam usage ed antwehrde ei sam question, in philosophia : Quod dehlgo io kwehre ?. Itak biht indifferent-ye tolken de id moralitat im stoicisten au de ir ethique.
Api, un recent usage trendt enderkwites bo werds. Is franceois philosoph Ricoeur (1913-2005) propont "reserve id lexis ethique ei hol questionen quod preceddt id introduction ios dayi os moral loy, ed kyuses med moralitat quo se refert ad loys, normes, dasturs". Bihiet ghi tolken de id "moralitat" os Kant (1724-1804) chunke tod keiht ep id dayi dohlg, ed de id "ethique" os Spinoza (1632-1677), tom challengend id taslime uni extos ed transcendanti morali loy. Poitt bihe uset idschi lexis "practic philosophia", quod concernt action, witerom "theoric philosophia", quod concernt weida.
"Chez Lipp" af Henri Cartier-Bresson (1969).
Moralitat ed societat, id "swehdostia"[]
Moralitat kwehct preter ka un swohd au un social institution. Todge moralitat, reulend id gwit in societat, est describen ab sociologs. Also, pro Durkheim (1858-1917), menxu id regulation os animal habit biht swekwohrn intos ab instinct, tod iom menscenconducts biht hassilet extos med un social dwinegh quod act via dendas oispandend ex simple joking do reprobation ed, fin-ye, dikswaurg.
Pro sem philosophs kam Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC), dind Hegel (1770-1832) qui est inspiren ab iom, moralitat ne maght bihe isolen ex mores, swohds ed loys. Aristoteles sigwrt od, kay suaale un magv, tel tehrpt gwive in un citad samt dohbra loys. Tod Sittlichkeit / Swehdostia biht opposen af Hegel ad romantisme ed ei Moralität os Kant. Moralitat ne dehlct aghnuihes id kerd al Individu, id dehlct ghehde bihe gwiwt samt evidence. Tod type os moralitat est conformiste : ids wirts sont honestia, id respect iom contracts, meidia, id manteino iom familial structures. Est id moralitat "iom noroct folks qua ne hant historia", sekwent Hegel.
Bet - ed so philosoph suawoid to - ta yakinias maghe bihe rencausen ab crises qua taraghe ia normes ios gwit ios grupp. Ia mahels as Antigone au os Socrates sont tragic moments qua yeise el menscem tsay elsi conscience : sont decisive moments os tienxia historia.
"La Mort de Socrate"(1787) ab Jean-Louis David. In 399 pre JC, Socrates buit judcet ed makhkoumiht ab ia tribunals ios democratic gouvernement os Athenas ob corrumpus yuwencs ed auvs cred in Divs. Eys disciples ei riedh fuges, toghi eet wohlpen (eti habiet esen accepten) ab i civs; lakin is refusit per prabhil. In coherence con sien wi philosophia os taatia dia loys, is dostrig sien wi execution pohnd-ye id kicuta quod ei hieb esto dadwto. It bihsit is oin im prest intellectual "martyrs". Socrates mohr 70at.
Ex id citad do el privat mensc[]
Id wi ios moral experiment est od id ghehdt bihe assumpen ab id individual conscience, sonter social gwit. To ne est kjiawxieng sei ia megil ethiques os hellen Antiquitat (Epikwrisme, Stoicisme) buir samzaman quem id collapse os citad ye id IVt secule pre JC. Eti, maght bihe sigwrn, con Kant, od ieus concernt tik id exter conformitat iom actions dia id loy ed od it se enderkweit ud moralitat quod est vol os suaage. Maght yinjier bihemaynen od moral normes ne dehlge bihe impost extos jabran sontern od el mensc dehlct responde de sien acts ye swoweida ed suaweida.
Id occidental tradition est hered, in id xeimen os moralitat, om dwo megil traditions : id yudi-christian ed id hellen-latin traditions. Hant dwo models os ubsell moralitat : el hakime ed el saint.
"Orsynt ed chassen ex Eden"(1510) ab Michelangelo Buonarotti in id Sixtin Capelle, Vatican. In-Kap 3. 1.Snohgos eet nogwo,meis quem quant gwiv ios pold quod IHVH-Adonay Elohîms hieb kwohrn.Is sieyg ay gwen: “Katha hat saygen Elohîms:"Yu niete edde ex cada dru ios garden"...”2.Ia gwen sieyg Snohgi :« Eddsiemos ia ievs iom drus ios garden,3. bet ex id iev ios dru ios medio ios garden, Elohîms hat saygen:< Yu niete edde ex id, yu niete touche id,ibo nehce>. »4.Snohgo sieyg ay gwen :« No, yu niete nehce, yu niete nehce,5.Elohîms ghi woid od ab id dien kun yu eddsiete ex idvies okwi se dissgillsient ed yu sessiete kam Elohîms,gnohnd sell ed khiter. »6.Ia gwen vidt id dru est suaessu,ya, lecker pro ia okwi,vidhabskwet, id dru, kay okuspohcihes.Ia ghendt ex ids iev ed eddt.Ia daht exschi id sieni wir con iam ed is eddt.7.Ia okwi em bo se dissgille, woideer sont nogwi.Syuhnti smaukwaraks ed sib kwehrnt yeusmens.8.Aurnt id voc os IHVH-Adonay Elohîmsqui gwaht id garden ye dienannem.Is glebeus ed eys gvibh teupe, face IHVH-Adonay Elohîms,medsu id dru ios garden.9.IHVH-Adonay Elohîms criet ei glebeus, ei sayct: “Quer es tu ?”10.Is sayct: “Ho aurn tien voc in id garden ed ho krust;ya, ioswo som nogw ed ho tupt. 11.Is sayct: “Quel tib hat mohlden od es nogwo ?Id dru ex quod io te hieb wohlen mae edde, has tu edden ex id ?”12.Is glebeuso sayct: “Ia gwen quam con me has dahtmi hat daht ex id dru, ia, ed ho edden.”13.IHVH-Adonay Elohîms sayct ay gwen : “Quod has tu kwohrt ?”Ia gwen sayct: “Snohgo me hat abusen ed ho ess.”14.IHVH-Adonay Elohîms sayct Snohgi: “Chunke has kwohrn to,es honniset bayna quant biest, bayna quant gwiv ios pold.Trehcsies ep tien abdomen ed eddsies duilUnte vasya diens tiens gwit. 15.Placesiem adawa inter te ed inter iam gwen,inter tien semen ed ays semen.Is, zielsiet tien cap ed tu zielsies ays persna. »16.Ay gwena, is hat saygen : « Multipliesiem, multipliesiemtien pein ed tien setus, in pein gehnsies sunus.Tieni mann, tien passion : is, te waldhsiet. »17.Ei glebeus, is sayct :« Ya, has aurskwn id voc tiens gvibh ed has edden ex id dru,de quod io te hieb wohlt kay sayge: < Nies edde ex id. >Honniset est glebe ob te.In pein eddsies unte vasya diens tiens gwit.18.Id teucsiet pro te kartem ed cochass : edd id gras ios pold.19.Med id swoid om tien nastorms, eddsies dvanhina reikas id glebe ex quod buist ghenden.Ya, tu es duil, duil reicsies.”20.Is glebeus criet id nam siens gvibh : Eve-Gwiva.Ya, sa est mater quants gwiv.21.IHVH-Adonay Elohîms kwehrt ei glebeus ed eysi gvibhtwacen robes ed vehseiht i ia.22.IHVH-Adonay Elohîms sayct:“Eno glebeus est kam oin ex nos kay gnohe sell ed khiter.Nun, mae is lehnca sien ghesor,maeschi ghenda ex id gwitsdru, mae edda ed gwiva in aiwo !”23.IHVH-Adonay Elohîms rukhset iom ex id garden os Eden,kay serve id glebe ex quod is buit ghenden.24.Expulct iom glebeused maneiht in id schark ios garden os Eden i Cherubsed id flamme ios twehrnd einskay guarde id itner kyid gwitsdru.
Christiano moralitat[]
Christianisme est un FurkansReligion quod addeiht ad Yahadut id dogme ios incarnation ios Christ, om eys mohrt ed resurrection. Christiano men, in-kap, hat radical-ye opposen religion ed philosophia.
Also, pro Saint Augustinus (350-430), el mensc khact nake Furkan aun divin grace. Menscvol est pervers; orsynt est gurursynt, pretension os gnohe Div, os egalasce ei ed dostighes swogwis-ye do Furkan. Menscbuhsa est decheen ab orsynt, uperkwohlmen ab stieurste ed ab vasya formes os libido : itak philosophic ethiques sont kohnst irreceptible. Ia sulproblemes qua drehdsiet christiano men sessient yinjier ta os grace, os menscbuhsa ed od ids wirt, os leudher vol ed os predestination. Fin-ye, in id Christian doctrine, ziel os menscactiono ne est id paydrwnen alpet mensc, sontern els taslime ad Div. Also, sok po noroc ne sagviet ses uno mutalba au un legitim ziel : christiano moralitat servicet Div.
Baruch Spinoza ((Latin: Benedictus de Spinoza; Portughesche: Bento de Espinosa au d'Espinosa; Ibri : ברוך שפינוזה; Amsterdam, 24 november 1632 – Den Haag, 21 februar 1677), eet uno Nederlands philosoph, mualim, politic mentor ed linsar ex ia aus Lumens. Is eet os sfaradi-yudi atavia. Eys gwitsmotto eet Caute = "prudent"). Samzamans descripseer Spinoza ka un patient, sakwn ed kienkiu wir. Bayna nature philosophs est is un radical qui neget cada forme os Revelation au prophetia ed acceptit neid declaration quod ne kihsit ep raison. Is sigwrit od Biblic prophets eent normal mensci samt fantasia qui ne bahr in id nam os Div. Theologia ieg neid rol in eys philosophia. Is sigwrit od Div ed Nature eent sam ed od observe nature ieug id gnohsa ios divin. Is est ayn ka dehtor ios neutral monisme ed ios double-aspect theoria. Eys buks buir bant unte dwo cent yars in Europe, ob eys historic critique ios Bible duciet ad atheisme ed fatalisme. Ka politic mentor kohns is od statswaldh ne tohrbit bihe betrusen oini individu, mae el iosmed kwehriet abuse. Bi-sabab eyso rlienxieno gnohsa ios ibri bahsa hieb Spinoza ahammiyat pro Biblic sciences.
Noroc au stahal ?[]
Pon Kant, dwo types os moral philosophia maghneunt bihe oppost.
Pro uter, heriten ex ia hellen mensdehs (Platon, Aristoteles, stoicistes, skeptics, epikwreys), ethique est un gwitsart quos ziel est noroc : est tohrpt ed est kafi ses hakime kay ses noroct. Sam-ye, pro Spinoza, "virtut ne est mizdum os virtut, sontern idpet virtut" (Ethica). Ethique, se leudhernd ex id taatia dia divin loy ed id intizar de un noroc in Akhira, wehst trans sellt ed khitert kam eent definihn, bet ne trans util ed vierdnic. Quelmen est khiter - ed biedan - est el bawlaw, el mensc iom trist passions; el de hakime gwivt gwivt noroc in id plenitude os raison. Sam-ye, Nietzsche (1844-1900), sammel proclamet id mohrt os Div ed id fin iom transcendant wirts, ed ghehdt oppones id mediocritat al "sclav" au al "ressentimensc", ed id stieure al "transmensc", quell sagvt affirme gwit.
Pro alter trend, quod vreht sien sul in Kants Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, moralitat est un doctrine os stahal quod ne nos promitt od sessiemos noroct, sontern nos deict quosmed ghehdmos nos buwes wirtic kay ses it. Id impont id taatia dia id moral loy noster aumo nos dictet. Quo kwehrt id wirt uns act est od est swoleus, yani ne nos est dicten ab noster sok po noroc.