Etymologia : Ex parsi ed arab نفط ; yeji Hesychium, "Napas" eet id nam ios surce in ia ghyors os Pars, ex-yod iswohr naft. Maghses gendel con id nam os Div "Neptwn", qui eet tienjien-ye un div iom iswors ed enderghomwedors.
Definition : Natural mineral ol, unios meg maur color, quod compone khaliban paraffinic, naphthawent ed aromatic hydrocarbons.
Naft est id resultat ios lent bacteriologic degradation om vegetal ed animal bacteriologic yowkjitias qui, decens, hatta centens om millions yaren prever, hant proliferen in mars ed kowpen-se do lamens. Wiswa products ois tod degradation, hydrocarbons ed volatil composits, blanden ibs sediments ed organic drosnims, sonti mathmounen in id gehnghian; ex tod id naft, expulgen sub id effect ios compangen suwt ab id sedimentation, hat migret kay impregnes poreuser au paunger sands au ghianshieks, kam schaghians au scheikhwayghians. Ia lyogsa semper wehse in oin point au uno natural anomalia tom ghianshieks, kalten tsangghianshieks. Un steug lyegher, merghel au loid, skeipend kapan permitt id kowpen iom hydrocarbons ed ithan stambhes ibs oiskape.
Naft opsst-ye subkeiht un lyegher om gasic hydrocarbons ed lyehcti daydey uper un lyegher saldwed, denser quem id. Id tuge uns lyogos varyet inter oik meters ed plur centens metern. Ids longe ghehdt nake plur decens kilometern in Mediorient.
Exploration ed baurnts[]
Id exploration, wa prospection, bezielti trehve nov lyogsa. Comprindti geologic ed geophysic studyes, kay auncovehre ia kapans, dind oin au plur explorationsbaurnts. Id exhaustion iom traditionalen lyogsen hat plaut-ye id exploration om difficil-ye accessible sedimentboengis, kam ta lyehgend in arctic au marin areas. Marexploration po naft hat preter natyohcen in sakwn ed plask mars, dind in deuber ed hostiler areas kam id Nord Mar au Labrador.
Menxu biht baurt biht sammel midt kay gnohe ia kweitus iom tohrten deughtil lyeghers. Sei id reuyd biht deciden, tun biht brighen ghom do id schakht id productionschowbey, quod biht epkihihn un baurntcap, wa "nataldru". In marbaurnts, ia tubes bihnt introducen yant in-kap kun biht baurt.
In gheusschakhts, id pressem ios lyogos esti tem nert quem, yant id mudh buit evacuet ex id baurnt per baghern au pistonen, id ol steighti tiel uperdien; id dehnquote biht tun pact med id cheus uns dohbrios orifice ios duse placet in id productionscao. In negheusschakhts, id ol ghehdti stighes tik tiel sem hoge, hin id pressem ios lyogos biht rhayr-kafi. Esti tunkye necessar tyices un pumpen.
Kun un explorationsbaurnt hat nact un positive resultat, id nafteina tehrpti bihe antplohct, yani plur schakhts bihnt baurn uperdien poskwo dayn sekwent un bestohmen mesgos. Ia reuydbaurnts sessient rewt inter 1 ed 2 km pro uno nertpressem ed aksterpieunge lyogos, bet prokwer (oik centens metern) pro slabpressem ed muzlimpieunge lyogsa.
1: Baurntstebel
2: Cement
3: Aulwehrg
4: Drilltube
5: Nabug
Antplehcen ed reuyden iom lyogsen[]
Sei id lyogos obkwehcti commercial-ye reuydet, mult alya schakhts, wa antplehcenschakhts, bihnt baurn kay draine id hogst wakel hydrocarbonen. Ir numer maght varye sekwent id plieute ios lyogos, ex decen do plur centens. Tik-ye discompremend-ye id lyogos biht recuperen uno meg muzlim proportion iom behandet hydrocarbonwakels, quo yed ghehdt bihe criscen sensible-ye dank ia possibilitats om stimule ed pumpe id lyogos. Tod recuperationstype, quod enovert tik id wi energia ios imprect reservuar ed os ids neptaqua, est ops kwiten ka primar. Kay kayjine id recuperationsratio ed diuterihes id productionsduren, est necessar mantines artificial-ye id lyogospressem auter injecend-ye wed (water flooding) au gas, we med assisten recuperation.
Id Jamnagar raffinerie (Hind) esti tienxia mierst, ghehdt-yod beorbate 668 000 barels cadadien.
Raffinen[]
Sont rawen tant kweits os raunaft quem lyogsen; differnt inter se ne tik ob ir physic suedsa (densitat, viskositat, etc...) bet hassa med ir chelic compositions. Ulter ia quar sultypes hydrocarbonen (parrafins, alkenes, naphthawents ed aromatics) qua wehse in meg variable proportions sekwent ia lyogsa, naft mathmounti diversa substances, kam swelpel, saldwed, traces om metalls qua id beuwnt amalan inusable ye brutto stand. Id raffinen est wiswa operations ed industrial proceddats enovern kay beorbate we transforme, ye id ghemst cost, raunafto do raffinet products. Id suloperation ios raffinen est id aunstop fractionato distillation quos pleist products bihnt poskwo nabeorbaten pro kayjine ir qualitat : catalytic reforming os gwaur naphtha, hydrodesulphuration os dieselfiull. Biht vihassilen un hol serie producten correspondend ia wans im consummern : fiulls, special nafts, dawtis ed diversa products.
Quan id simple distillation om classic raunafts ne permitt satisface, unte ia proportions naudhen ab id mercat, id quantitative demande om naftproducts, tehrbent bihe gwuten, ibs classic proceddats os raffinen, conversionsunitats. Bayna ia meist frequents, ia proceddats om fluid catalytic cracking, thermic cracking ed hydrocracking permitte obtene legvproducts per dissociation iom molecularen structures iom gwaru products.
Id Deepwater Horizon naftlamen buit un industrial desaster quod inkiep dien 20 Aprile 2010 in id Gulf os Mexico ep un naftplatforme os British Protoleum, ayt id plautst marnaftlamen ios historia os naftindustrie.
Pollution ab naftreuyden[]
Id extraction os naft neudt massenwakels os wed preliven ex ambient (saldwed, sreumenwed, neptaqua auti saupsrut) ed injecen sub pressem do ia baurnts. Tod wedor, kalen reuydwedor, biht vipolluet ye divers weidsa : bekladen med mineral particules acquisihn ye id contact iom ghianshieks, med hydrocarbons, gasa ed additives bohndt ei reuyden iom baurnts, med gwaur metalls, radioactive substances, dissolwt salds, bacterias. Biht poskwo auter reinjecto do ia baurnts, we sikwto do ambient. Itak subeihnt purificant beorbatens quom naudhs sont pagen ab legislation.
Naftreuyden gehnt kathalika un subproduct : natural gas, quod semper est present in solution in naft. Separet unte id production ex naft, biht ops ayt un disxubh ed aydht in bleigostors : tod proceddat ne tik wazdt id ressurce, daydey bi economic sababs (ia installations kay recupere ed transporte id gas sont kohnsen pior costeus), sontern yaschi dreibht emanations om woenschice gasa (CO² due id combustion, ed methane ios neaydhen natural gas) qua polluent id atmosphere. Nov technologias, nudt ep certain sites, permitte reinjece id natural gas do ia naftlyogsa we recupere id kay ubwirtes id. Un Tienxia Partnerspect pro id reduction iom abgwacten gasen buit signet in 2002 unte id Johannesburg Tienxia Sommetto de Posdaril antslehnken.
Offshore naftplatformes cause, in fall os accident, naftlamens os major amplor, kam tod suwen in 2010 ab id Deepwater Horizon in id Gulf os Mexico, massoul ob id dehnen do ambient om takriban 5 millions om barels (788 millions litern) os raunaft.
Id reuyden iom darvsands (uno meg viskeus mix om sand ed darv, ex hydrocarbons), besonters in Canada ed Venezuela, hat strehnger ambiental impacts quem ta os conventional naft (yani extragen classic-ye ex reservuars) - id it extragen naft hat esen namdehn ab i ecologistens "tienxia murdarst naft". Tod reuyden naudht id destruction ios vegetal stegos ed id extraction ios intermedyios terrainschikht kay ghyane vasta dworismines. Demoleiht ithan centens om km² foresten ed swolen - ia prest extractionsites, abandonneut pon meis quem 30 yars, deike neid signe os natural restauration os vegetation. Id extraction ios darv ex ia sands consummt kathalika baygh meis wed quem pro conventional naft (id production oins volume darv naudht inter 2 ed 4 volumes wed, contra inter 1 ed 3 kay produce oin volume os conventional naft). Eti, ids production kam idso transformation do transportable ed neudet naft emitt maung woenschice gas ed alya contaminants. Id portion ios productionswed quod khact bihe recyclen - ar pior pollutionsbeklas - esti stocken in gigantesk decantationsbasseins quer kowpent-se ia toxic substances (solvents, arsenic, hydrargwrnt, xylene, benzene, etc..)
Bayna alter non-conventional ressurces, ia kizeghiangasa seuwnt kathalika riska os pollution iom enderghomwedernts, woenschice effect sei ia schakhts sont leck, etc.
Agrunda naft-tankers au brehgs pipelinen gehne seikwens qua seuwnti mari ed landi naftlamens.
Ia raffineries oisleunt saupsrut quod dehlct bihe traiten kay abdehe ud id ids contaminants (ammonia, sulphures, phenols, hydrocarbons, swehbhend particules, metalls).