Etymologia: ex Latino nucleus = "eten"
Definition: Id lexis nuclear kyeust vasya neudformes, militar au civil, neudformes os nuclear Energia, ed vasya technic, politic au ecologic problemes qua orient ex ia.
Radioactivitat est id physic phenomen quosmed atomic etens transforment-se spontan-ye do alya atomes emittend-ye sammel sem material particules (elections, helium etens, neutrons, etc) ed energia (photons ed kinetic energia). Radioactivitat buit aunstohgen in 1896 ab Henri Becquerel in id fall os uranium, ed baygh moxu confirmen ab Marie Curie pro radium.
Id emission om material ed immaterial particules est kalt erkwen, ed id energia iom particules est kafi pro dribhes id ionization ios tohrnios material, tetos id nam om ionisant erkwens. Bihnt enderkwit classic-ye ia α-rais oiskipt af helium etens (kathalika namen α-particules), ia β-rais oiskipt ab electrons (β-particules) ed ia γ-rais oiskipt ab photons, tehrbent-yibs bihe addihn ia neutrons qua gwehme ex ia spontan fissions. Mathalan (vide kip), id β-minus radioactivitat affect ia X-nuclides samt un excess neutronen. Prehpt unte isobaric reactions per id transformationin id eten unios neutron do proton, id phenomen bihnd hamrahn ab id emission uns electron (au β-minus particule) ed uns electronic antineutrino.
Ex id aunstehgen do ia applications[]
Enevidencet ab ia orbats qua sohkw id aunstehgen os radioactivitat ab Becquerel, id energiakalen "nuclear" wa "atomic" est assocyen ei cohesion iom elements componend materia. Id ghehdt bihe lurn unte nucleara reactions, kweter leit de id fission ios eten om certain elements (kam uranium au plutonium) au de id fusion om dwo atomic etens (kam ta om deuterium ed tritium). Oino iom prest applications ios reaction os nuclear fission buit ia dwo atomic bombes (A-bombes) muct in August 1945 ab id US Air Force uper Japan, wakya quod dehsit fin ad Mund Weir Dwo.
Yant ia 1950tias, paurskens po un pacific neud buir enderghens pro civil applications, importantst esend id electricitatsProduction. Lakin, kweter per id aunpreceddent menace skipen ab id atomic arme quem ab ia sonterRiska implien ab id neud iom radioactive substancen, id "nuclear era" pont muhim problemes qua belaste ye meg longo meiwrnt id future os Menscgenos
Respective-ye dien 6 ed 9 August 1945, ia Uniet Stats os America explodihr eino nuclear bombe uper ia Japanese urbs Hiroshima ed Nagasaki. Ia muk ta bombes pos obtenus id consens ios Uniet Roydem, kemti id Québec Playct. Ta dwo bombardements nic minst-ye 129 000 leuds, pleist civil. Ta remane id wahid neud nuclearen armes in id Historia os Weir.
Militar nuclear[]
Saul xihtors in 1945 ios atomic arme, ia USA hieb swekwohrn ir tienxia suprematia. Eetghi previsible od, ob id start ios Srig Weir, id Union iom Sovietsken Socialiste Respublics (USSR) se beghapskwiet possiblest oku med tod nov bwuki : yinjier, in August 1949, explodihsit sien prest atomic bombe.
Est id inkapem uns foll spehrd kya nucleara armaments, ieter augos udschowbeyskwnd alter. In 1952, ia USA teste un hydrogen bombe (H-bombe), quos energia gwehmt khaliban ex id fusion om etens, tusents-ye staurer quem id Hiroshima bombe; unte id sehkwnd yar, id USSR experimentet sieno. Alya Stats hassile mox id status os nuclear augos : id Uniet Roydem yant 1952 (med id hehlp iom USA), France in 1960, China in 1964, Hind in 1974. Parallel-ye, med id franceoiso stehmen, Israel se schowbeyt secret-ye menxu Sud Africa, Brasilu, Argentina startent programmes. Eti, ia bombenwegdels bihnt tawrlienen : ex id classic strategic bomber biht uperliten in 1957 do ia intercontinental missils dind, unte ia 1960tias, do ia submartos ballistic missillehncs, iaswo samt nuclearo propulsion ed quasi indetectible.
Id enorm kowpen om nuclear charges (sprehngcaps) ab bo "Megsta" (meis quem 50 000 in 1989) hiebit bariem id merit os buwes stets improbabler id schift ex srig weir do armen conflict, quo habiet esen jishace pro Terra : est quo buit kalt id "tula os terror". Bet hat unschi Absurd kweit wawod est ter kafi pro destruge plurs id planete ! To duxit bo augsa ad sib udtolke, yant ia 1970tias, ia SALT playcts (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks): aun inkape semo nuclear desarmament, eet deciden interrumpes un bawlaw ed ruineus progression.
Lakin, id mussalsal diffusion os atomic bwuki besweurght ia nuclear stieures. Yant 1968, ta signe un non-proliferation traiteit quod bezielt bane id export iom necessar technologias. Bet quayque kamyabent ad dissuade Brasilu, Argentina, dind Sud Africa, khakent oistambhes ad Pakistan ed Nord Korea se beghabe med id nuclearum arme, ni ad Iran lites unte tod sam itner in ia 2000nts.
Tod bfuxiong situation expliet aundwoi id actual stehven iom nuclear Occidental stieures, qua ne hesitent de menace med un preventive militar intervention kay tente bane ad cada Stat id instehlen uns operational bwuki. Tod attitude biht lakin duskwahn : id atomic arme in ia ghesors oiken augsen - bayna qua ia riche industrielands - kwehct akster-ye kam un hegemonia strategia bezielend arke id pressem iom pauper lands. Punor, trivialihno nuclear bwuki, eni id schaecheing quanten, pati irresponsiblen ed em fanatics, duciet do apocalypse.
Photo (in-kap 2016) ios Central Nord-Korean Khabaragence deikend Kim-Jong-Un, supreme lider tos land, face quo biht presentet ka uno nuclear bombe miniaturisen do un argwrnten sphere, in uno missilfabric.
Id Nord-Koreano nuclearo programme est un besonters tens diplomatic subject, khaliban con Sud Korea, Japan ed ia USA. Nord Korea eet partie ei Non-Proliferation Traiteiti tiel dien 10 Januar 2003 kun id sgwohm tetos pos esus accusen ob ducneuvs rahas-ye un atomic programme pon sertst-ye 1989. Pos plur negociationscycles comprindend Sud Korea, Japan, ia USA, Russia ed China, Nord Korea hat meis au minter beviden seutensignes in id vol os obtene id nuclearum arme. Bet id vityeict uno nuclear test dien 9 October 2006 ed un dwot, staurer ed aun ambiguitato de ids buhsa, dien 25 Mai 2009. Id trito test os atomic bombe mutt dien 12 Februar 2013, ed dien 6 Januar 2016 jinkdout alyo test neudend, sekwent Nord Korea, un hydrogen bombe, de-yod pleisti specialists remane skeptic. Un penkto strehlen mutt in id noct inter dien 8 & 9 September 2016. Id akhir nuclear testo tyohc dien 28 November 2017, in-yos druna uno nord-korean ballistic missil habiet uperplucto takriban 1000 km pre nimerge do mar.
Civil nuclear : un promanthusic project[]
Pos Mund Weir Dwo, id revelation ios augos oiskipt ab nuclear energia hat piwt pelu fantasmes, nimen kwecto kwahnd ia Riska os radioactivitat. In vasya industrielands bihnt paurskens entrepris kay "domestique id atomic energia". In 1956, menxu ia prest "atomic piles" bihnt enservicet, un International Atomic Energia Agence (IAEA) biht constituen, samt seddos in Vienna. Nuclearo propulsion om navs biht planen, ed sammel ia USA, id USSR ed West Deutschland enverfte prototypes om torgweghiters. Ye id end iom 1960tias, experimental models om srovgehns samt nuclearo reactor wehrge in ia USA, id USSR ed France.
Yed, ja prehpe ia prest critiques. Ia "atomic navs" obkwehke pau rentable ed, bilhassa, maung ports ne vole primes ia, redwoinda ia consequences uns accident. Nuclear naval propulsion se hat vilimitet ibs weirweghiters, submarnavs au plavbehrs.
Nu-vahnt ia dwo "naftcrises" iom 1970tias ses id nassib os civil nuclear, quod product electricitat. Ant id brusk augen ios pris iom hydrocarbons ed id baysa om betyeicensbrehgs, multa Stats se biorientent kyid electronuclear. In 1973, id Messmer plan (1973) lancet un baygh ambitious programme previdend, unte ia dwogim gwehmtur yars, id production om 80% iom electricitatsnaudhs ab nucleara srovgehns. Megil wehlpens keihnt ep ia krehkreactors, type srovgehnen productil sammel energia ed fissil reneudet materia : France enderghendt id construction oinios (Super-Phénix) prokwem Lyon.
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IAEA experts ep id site ios srovgehn os Fukushima. Tod nuclear accident oistars dien 11 Marto 2011 in Japan, sekwos id 2011 gischien ed tsunami. Leit de id gravest nuclear catastrophe ios XXIstios secule, classifiet ye nivell 7, yani tem grave quem id Chernobyl catastrophe (1986). Un tsunami oisservicit id magno kheuldensysteme ios srovgehn quom reactors adadh1, 2 ed 3 bifus menxu id zibelfiullbassein os reactor adadh 4 uperchals.
Riska ed daumens[]
Quargim yars serter, ia reticences, tienxia, ne gwehme tik ex ecologiste militants. Id nuclearo risk appareiht. In Mart 1979, in Harrisburg (Pennsylvania, USA), catastrophe biht gnebh vergiht in id Three Mile Island srovgehn quod neti eet normal-ye khulden, ed bilhassa id tyohc, in Aprile 1986, in Chernobyl (Ukraine). In Marto 2011, un gischien sohkwn ab un tsunami destruxit id Fukushima srovgehn in Japan, enleucend id difficultat os bewaldhe id nuclearo risk. Eti, id nuclear industrie hat obkwohct productor os empedisant ed mahibe zibel, emittend unte secules, hatta millennia, katel erkwens. Krehkreactors dohlg bihe tyohgven tantghi duswohrgeer, ed ne est wois quod kwehre med id plutonium - id dangereust iom radioactive elements - ia hant "aydht". Id enderghom bedehlven ios zibel - saul nundiens enovret solution - stundt protiev id resistence iom populations, ed ir diuturn bewaldhen duseiht : in La Hague (France), tehrbsient bihe dayim uperwakht, unte tri secules, meis quem 520 000 m² om laghert radioactive materials. Dalg ud ses id non-pollutant energia id jimien ses, id nuclear gehnt id bfuxiongst ed durablest menace contra ambient.
Bad, ia prisa ios nuclear bihnt rehissaben dorgver. Dat id muhim cost iom installations, tod importanter irs desmantel pos neud ed ios bewaldhen ios zibel, id rentabilitat os nunic nuclear vibiht rencauset.
Pon Fukushima, id mistrusto de nuclear wiwehsneut kardwnt. Deutschland hat decis tyehgve id ed ia schowbeyprogrammes buir nilent areti hat prohpt id concurrence om kiezghian gas ed naft, besonters in ia USA. Lakin, China, id Uniet Roydem ed France persiste, id senst hatta entreprindend id construction unios nov type os reactor (Evolutionary POwer Reactor = EPR)ed napaurskend de id bedehlven os radioactive zibel. Etileikwt od, dat ia posen problemes ed ia wans os uranium - quos lyogsa ne sont aunfin -, videhlcsiemos mutamehne de id neud os nuclear energia in ia actual conditions.