Oraryum est id theoric commun atav ios Hindeuropay linguistic familia edghi Sambahsas. Ids propost kweits hant esen deriven per linguistic reconstruction ex documentet Hindeuropay bahsas. Idswo oraryo naiwo buit niscript.
Baygh meis orbat hat bihto tyicto do reconstruge oraryo quem kay reconstruge ceter orbahsas, ed esti dalgtos id beirst-ye preten orbahsa idsios aiwios. Id vast majoritat ios linguistic orbat unte id XIXt secule buit dediet ei reconstruction oraryios au idsen purtbahsas ed pleist moderne techniques os linguistic reconstruction (kam id comparative methode) buir antplohcen ka resultat.
Oraryum esti suppost esus baht ka sambahsa inter 4500 ed 2500 pre JC, unte id Sert Neolithique do id Aus Aysaiwo, samt un errormarge os tusent yaren. Sekwent id uperghehldend Kurgan hypothese, id orvatan im Oraryen maght wehsus in id Pontic steppe os Eust Europe. Id linguistic reconstruction oraryios hatschi dadwt ijmal do ia culture ed religion idsen bahtors.
Ye meis isolen ud mutu bihr Oraryi ob ir migrations, ye meis divers ud mutu ia regional dialects Oraryios, ielgo kwehndend changes in pronunciation, morphologia ed werdskaut. It viwer-se lent-ye do ia gnoht awa Hindeuropaya bahsas, poskwo do ia moderne bahsas. Nundiens, Oraryios descendant bahsas samt meist materbahtors sont Espaniol, Englisch, Hindustani (Hindi ed Urdu), Bangla-bahsa, Portughesche, Rusk, Panjabi, Deutsch, Parsi, Franceois, Marathi, Italian ed Gujarati.
Oraryum esti supposen habus un elaborat morphologic systemes quod inclus inflexional suffixes (kam pro Sambahsa gwito, gwiti, gwitios, gwits, gwitims, gwiten) tem quem ablaut (kam in Sambahsa sehngv/sohngv) ed accentuation. Oraryios nomens, adjectives ed pronomens hieb un complexe declinational systeme, ed sam-ye hieb verbs un complexe conjugational systeme. Oraryios phonologia, particules, numerals ed copule sontschi suareconstruct.
Asterisks sont nudt ka conventional alamats iom reconstruct werds, kam *wodrn, *k^uwô ed *treyes, ta formes esend ia reconstruct atavs om Sambahsa "wed", "kwaun" ed "tri".
Ia sehkwnd grammatical points khaliban sehkwnt ia orbats os O.Simon, iom inventor os Sambahsa.
Phonotactique[]
Leitti de id tehxen om oraryios phonemes. Un phoneme est un swonunitat ayn ka talg ab bahsa-on. Mathalan, "kw-" est phoneme pro oraryo esdi, extos, id ghehdiet bihe analyset ka [k] + [w]. Un syllab consist lytst-ye un eten (bariem quo id bahsa ayt ka talg, kam ia voyelihn laryngals, liquids ed nasals oraryios) quo est opsst-ye ambighohrden ab consonns ed semi-voyels. Quo gwehmt pre id eten est id "anlaut", quo apter est id "coda". Phonotactique bestehmt quod syllab est "legal" ("poitt existe") quo duct, in oraryo, ad deduce kweter certain swons (laryngals, nasals, semi-voyels) vahnt wehrge ka voyel (eten) we consonn. Launwerds ed onomatopeias ne sont submiss tibs nyutis (ex: *atta).
Un werd est un jumla element samt un preciso syntactic function (verb, nomen, etc.). Ploisko ia interjections ed plur clitics (qua hant neid wi accentuation), oin werd comprindt oin au plur morphemes. Uno morpheme est lytst-ye un "raudh" quod behrt uno maynen ed ghehdt yando skipes un werdo per se, we un affixe, un enden, quod tik precidt id maynen ios raudh. Bi-sabab ia phonatactic nyutis, estghi inexact sigwre "oraryios morphemes sont semper monosyllabic", anter tehrpti bihe saygen od un oraryo morpheme khact mathmoune meis quem ein ablautet voyel.
En ia orarya phonemes pro id anlaut ed id eten, ed id "legal" levtos dextro aurdhen (sense os scriben)
Dayir id coda, id sam tabell biht nudt, bet in id inverso sense (dextos levtro) ed bihnt admiss ia sehkwnd phonemes : Pro ia etenibles : mz, nz, rz, lz Pro ia plosives : z + plosive (ex: zdh-) au plosive + -s
Kay bestehme quo dehlct bihe "eteniht", zaruri est kihes ep ia preexistend voyels (e - ê - o - ô - i - u) ed starte ab quod est accentuen. Oraryo "adoret" consonnenkowps yed remant semper in "legalitat".
Smad kaue od, ploisko launwerds, oraryo ne admitti gemination (dwo samlik phonemes apter mutu). In id fall om s + s, biht obtenen oin "s" Sonst, ghehdt bihe voyelihn : gwm + mé = gw°m-mé ("gwohmam").
Mathalan id raudh *yeug (yuneg). Samt nasal infixe, idso trit plural persn est *yungént. Ia syllabs decompone-se do yun-gént, unghi "ng-" anlaut esiet illegal pro dwoter syllab.
Mathalan *pH2très, genitive os *pH2ter = "pater". Sekwent un phonetic loy, un laryngal disprehpt inter 3 consonns. Lakin *ptrès habiet un illegal anlaut (3 syllabs), quo bringhti do gwupes id laryngal : *pH2très
Syllabic meid :
Id werd bihti decomposen sekwent sien voyels, biht-yibs addihn id prest phoneme pre ielg tom voyels. Mathalan *yungènti daht yun-gèn-ti
Nekam in ia classic bahsas, O.Simon hypotheset od un cort voyel poitt admitte un phoneme pos se aun yed conte ka long.
Mutaswonens :
Ta sont frequent in oraryo, ed om different buhsas.
Skaunst est id mutavoyelen, wa ablaut. Id central voyel uns oraryios raudh est quasi semper "e" perambhen ab consonns, semivoyeld au laryngals.
Tod normal stieupen "e" ghehdt mute qualitative-ye do "o"stieupen (mathalan : *bher > *bhor) we quantiative-ye do long stieupen "ê/ô" we do zero-stieupen, yani aun central voyel (ex: *leikw > *likw) ploisko sei to infranct ia phonotactic reuls ed/we creet un confusion con id "s-mobile". Mathalan : *s-d + t = sed$t
Recent paurskens trendent dikes od vocstumpa plosives in end os werd bihr vocswehner sei sohkweer alyo vocswehner. Bi-sabab listibilitat, bihnti nascript kam vocstump.
"d" ye id end uns werd pos alyo consonn fallt yed longeiht id prever voyel. Ex: *k^erd > *k^êr (kerd).
"-yn" ye id end uns werd : "n" fallt yed longeiht id prever voyel.
Quando dwo "s" comghate, se fundent do oin. Ex : *H1es + si = *H1esi ("es(si)")
Quaun un vocswehner plosive preceddt un vocstumpo plosive (p, t, k, kw, k^), biht vocstump ye sien roig.
Quan un dental (d, t, dh) preceddt quodkwe plosive, yeji O.Simon, "$" biht ambintert inter bo. Tod sibilanto ne contet ka phoneme; est tik id nervergible "technic" consequence inter dwo plosives (strision). Lakin, sei preter syllabo biht long bi-sabab tod addition, id plosive preters morpheme kay repanges id qualitat os cort syllab.
Mathalan : *wid + tos = *wid$tos [wid-tos] ("wois") *woyd + tH2e = *woid$tH2e [woid-tH2e] (preter syllab eet ja long) ("woidsta") *med + trom = *metrom; in **med$trom = **medt-rom, preter syllabo habiet bihn long ("meter") *sed + dhlom = *sedhlom; in *sed$dhlom = **seddh-lom, preter syllabo habiet bihn long ("seddel")
Accentuation :
Tod dehlct semper bihe dict med un accent. Id oraryum accent habiet in druve est neid "accentuation" kam in Sambahsa (yani un syllab swohrt honarer-ye quem id reste) sontern un crehscend tonaccent kam ops in awo hellen au vedic (yani id syllabo biht swohrt kam uno musicnote hoger quem alter syllabs) [Note : Neudmos her id deub accent ` tik bi computersababs] Ielg werd comprindt, megst-ye, tik oin tonaccent. In composit werds, nu-behrt id prest element id tonaccent, mathalan : - *dèms-potis = demspoti - *H1è-gwment (samt augment) face *gwmènt (aun accent; cfr. Sambahsa ee-gwehment/gwehment)
Sem "clitic" werds hant neid tonaccent; proclitics men keihnt ep id tonaccent ios sehkwnd werd, ed enclitics ep tod cios prever. Tonaccentual-ye, sont gwuten uni tonaccentuet niberwerd. Sei dwo clitics sekwnti mutu, oiter bihti tonaccentuen.
Nomens[]
Ia nomens daynt-se inter tri gensa (ner, ster, neuter) ed se decline do tri numers (singular, dual [esdi ne est yakin an id druve-ye existit], plural) ed oct falls (nominative, vocative, integrative, dative, genitive, ablative, locative, instrumental). In Oraryo, ia neuter nominative ed accsuative sont semper identic. Ia neuter dual ed plural rege id verb in id singular. In un awo zaman oraryios, est possible od ia neuter dual ed plural eent tik sem collectives in id singular (yani singular endens regend verbs in id singular)
Id nominative esti sekwent id classic vision id fall ios subject ed os ids predicative. In druve, est preter, kam dict ab sieno nam, id fall quosmed bihnt kyusen, namen ia nomens. Est meg mukhtmel od in id jumla "Iom nament X", X sessient in id nominative, ed ne in id accusative ka apposition ios zamihr "iom". To est pruven ab id usage ios "nominativus pendens" daydey in-kap un jumla, id nominative est nudt kay kwites, describe un pronomen au un nomen prehpiet-yod ye alyo fall in id reste ios jumla (id difference ud ia absolut constructions dependt od ta ne naudhe bihe emen tsay ab un pronomen au un nomen). Idghi starthypothese est od id nominative buit id "default fall" oraryios, quando neid alyo fall poiss ghehlde.
Id vocative est id fall os wehkwen :"o !". Kemti quo hat just est saycto de id prever fall, ia members ios wehkwent pos id prest lexis sont in id vocative.
Id integrative est id fall alnos concernen ab id conjugen verb, kyeust ne tik id mer object ios action ("accusative") sontern idschi destination (quetro biht gwahn) ed quanto subeiht id alnos (id partitive esend expressen ab id genitif); tetos id existence om "double accusatives" pos verbs kam "sayge ad", "sprehge" ed (kam in Sambahsa) ia factitive verbs. Ploisko exception, est id fall iom adverbs ed absolut constructions. To est kaut in id fact od, traditional-ye in ia classic hindeuropay bahsas, id accusative expremt ia notions om duren ed meid. Poitt ghi ses complement os adjective, kam in Sambahsa : "tri peds long" "mov-oku".
Id instrumental expremt quosmed id action bihti tyict ed, med un passive verb, quis au quod tyeicti tod action. Idschi expremt unte quer biht upergwahn ed hamrahsa ("con", "bayna")
Id dative est el bructor au el victim ios action (indirect object); med un intransitive au passive verb, maght lites de quis emitt id kehnsen. Id locative expremt quer anghen wehst (aun mov) au id tarikhe (ex: "peruti"). Kad bo falls eent oin sam in id prever stadium ios bahsa).
Id genitive expremti ne tik id bayghen, sontern quanto se refert ei nomen quod id dependt (nomen complement). Ids alya usages poitte ses id prist unte-yod id action hat jinkdout ("nocts"), au "relative" wirts : "de" = "mehne de", au "partitive" = "is staurst iom soldats". Expremt semkam id object ios action, bet quod est concernen tik part-ye ab tod action (id totalitat esend xeimen ios integrative). Id ablative expremt id orgumt, edschi ops id cause ed id comparation ("bulander quem"). In un prever stand ios bahsa - quo preuve dar sem commun endens - ka bo falls eent oin "partitive".
Sont oppost ia thematic declinations tibs athematic, preters kweitend ud dwoters ob id fact od addeihnt un voyel inter id raudh ed id enden.
In ia thematic declinations, id tonaccent mant semper ep id sam syllab. In ia athematic declinations, id tonaccent trehct ops-ye sekwent schema-on. Lakin, in vasya declinations, id vocative est inaccentuen, ploisko sei wehst in-kap jumla. In tod fall, id presto syllab ios werd quoskwe categoria bihti tonaccentuet. Yando, id plural non-neuter integrative sehkwt id model altern oblique falls.
Athematic werds sont jamiyen in 4 toncategorias, descript sekwent id place ios tonaccent ye ia singular nominative ed genitive. Eti, ta formes exhibeihnt un ablaut ye vasya numers ye ia nominative, vocative ed integrative. Ta quar types sont :
-akrostatic : nòkwts-nèkwts (noct/noctios). Id tonaccent semper mant ep id raudht.
-proterokinetic : mèntis-mntèis (ment/mentios). Id tonaccent uperleit ex id raudh do id suffixe.
-hysterokinetic : pH2tèr-pH2très (pater/patrios). Id tonaccent uperleit ex id suffixe do id enden.
-amphikinetic : H2èusôs-H2ussès (auror/aurorios). Id tonaccent uperleit ex id raudh do id enden.
O.Simon hat sbright un reulcorpos quod permitt bestehme qualg declinationsmodel un athematic sehkwt, yeji ids nominative basic forme (id prest reul ghehldt kathalika pro ia thematics).
Reul adadh 1 : Ye id vocative, id tonaccent vasyen oraryen substantives, ex quodkwe declinationsmodel, betrehft id prest voyelible syllab tos werd sub ids nominative forme.
Reul adadho 2 (suppletive) : Id tonaccentual prioritat iom oraryen nomens ops act in tod preferential aurdhen : e > o > i/u > voyeliht consonn. Pro "e" ed "o", id tonaccent inkapt levst-ye, bet dexst-ye pro i/u au un voyeliht consonn.
Reul adadho 3 : Id raudh unios nomen khacti disprehpe ka syllab (yani id dehlct mathmoune lytst-ye oin voyeliht consonn). Sonst, un "e" biht gwupen.
Reul adadh 4 : Id singular locative ne sehkwt id general schema : id accentuation betrehfti tun id senst tonaccentuable voyel ios declinationsparadigme (raudh au suffixe, bet ne id "i" quod est id enden !); tod tonaccentuen voyel est "e" bet "o" sei "e" naiwo prehpt ye alter falls.
Reul adadh 5 : ("Narten"): Sei id tonaccentuen voyel (exter phonetic mutations) est "ê" ye id nominative (edghi ye ia accusative ed vocative), est "e" ye alter falls, yed remanti tonaccentuen.
Reul adadh 6 : Ia tondeclinationsmodels opponent nominative/vocative/accusative (qua behrnt id ablaut) altrims falls. In id non-neuter amphikinetic declination, id accusative behrt id tonaccent.
In id sehkwo : "C" = oin au plur consonns (ghehdend ses part ios sam anlaut au ios sam coda; > maynt id change inter nominative ed ia falls exter nominative/vocative/accusative; ? = quodque voyel au voyeliht consonn.
Reul adadh 7 : CòC > CèC (akrostatic); lakin sei bo C sont plosives, hams CòC>CeCè (amphikinetic)
Reul adadh 8 : CèC>CCè (amphikinetic)
Reul adadh 9 : Cò/èCeC>idem (akrostatic)
Reul adadho 10 : C(neter ò ni è)Cò/èC>C?CCè- (hysterokinetic)
Reul adadh 11 : Cò/èCoC>CCCè- (amphikinetic, samt accusative CCòC-)
Reul adadho 12 : Cò/èC(neter o ni e)(C)>CCèC- (proterokinetic). Lakin, ye un prever zaman oraryios, buit CòC(neter o ni e)(C)>CèC(ni o ni e) (akrostatic)
Reul adadho 13 : sei id nomen mathmounti neter "o" ni "e" ye id nominative, id tonaccent esti tun fixe ep id dexst voyel (sekwent id preference os reul adadho 2). Kay mantines id place tos tonaccent unte id declination, poitt bihe addiht un "e" tei syllab (semper sekwent id prabhil os reul adadho 2)
Reul adadho 14 : In composit werds, tik id prest element behrt id tonaccent.
Adjectives[]
Orarya adjectives samstehme in genos, numer ed fall con id nomen quod hamrahnt. Adjectives in -u sont part ios Caland derivational systeme. Alya adjectives ios sam systeme bihnt skipen ep id raudh ye id zero stieupen suffixend-ye -rò ("witer alyi") au -mò ("witer cetrims"). Id correspondanto nomen est, ep "e" stieupen, suffixet in -es (ex; *ténH2os = "tieune"), neuter, au in -(i)mérn. Ka inkapem uns component, est ye id zero stieupen samt un enden in "i" ed ghehldt ka prefixe (yani non-tonaccentuen), menxu ka senst element, est ye id "e" stieupen samt thematic voyel.
Thematic adjectives in -o hant un comparative in "-tero" ed un superlative in "-tmo". Un suffixe pro ia athematics maynend "destull" est -yos/is ep id bare raudh ye id "e" stieupen. Id ster est identic ei ner. Sonst, id comparative orsuffixe kwecto buit -yomts ep "e" stieupen (sigwra amphikinetic). Idso superlative est in -isto Id opposition alyi element biht skipt med id ablative, ed id comparation uni menghia med id genitive. Kad oraryo hatta hieb neter comparative ni superlative, ed kihsit ep ta falls. Mathalan: "bulander quem Peter" = "buland binisbat Peter"; "megil im Divs" = "megst im Divs"
Adverbs[]
Id normal forme ios oraryios adverb est singular neuter accusative ploisko sei contexte impont logic-ye alyo fall. Mathalan : "peruti" (locative) ex "wetos"; bet "meg^H2" = "meg" (neuter accusative singular)
O.Simons paurskens trendent demonstre od, in id quader os oraryios syntaxe, sem elements eent bo pospositions pro nomens (sems vibihr declinationsendens) ed prepositions pro verbs (futur verbal prefixes). Ta basic elements (qua hant-se combinen kay skipes ia prepositions iom classic bahsas ed ghehde se combine con demonstratives) sont kam sehkwt:
de : dayi os separation, "alyer"
et : dayi os ablative
gh^: ses za (el referent)
H1(e)- : "quo est prever"
H2e- : expremt id witer direction (H2ènH2 = "ub")
k^e/om : centripetal particule
me- : "in id tolp os, bi"
ni : ni-, ghom per : dayi os lites trans, os tehre; alnos (*preH3 = prod)
pH3 : "ad" (dayi os prokwtat, au os instrument)
-s : dayi os partitive se/om : centrifugal particule (ghehdt ses "-om" in end)
su : in id grupp, setro
-ter : cheus uters member uns pair
-ti : ye, med (weidos, direction)
-trH2 : skeir, per we : expremt opposition
Daydey, -e est id basic enden, besonters unte combinations, -i daht un rewos- we waktmaynen, ed -eH3 deict id destinationsloc.
Interjections :
bheH2 : sayg ghi
bhû : expremti disgust
way : way
ô : particule nuden pre vocative (quod remanti tonaccentuet ep id presto syllab)
Verbs[]
Id oraryo verb keiht ep un monosyllabic base quei addeihnt-se endens, ed ops-ye suffixes au infixes. Tod verb gnohti dwo vocs (active ed medio-passive), tri modus (indicative, optative, subjunctive), tri numers (singular, dual, plural) qua ielga se divident do trin personen. Ab tod classic nomenclature, O.Simon hat extrapolen un "impersonal" enden quod correspondt Sambahsa "anghen" nudt ka zamihr. Id verb samstehmt con sien subject (esdi tod ne prehpt in id jumla); lakin, ia dual ed plural neuter regent semper singular (chunke ia dual ed plural neuters sont prever collective).
Id oraryo verb kihsit unte id quasi-totalitat siens historia ne ep tids, sontern ep aspects. En id prevtro reconstruction ab O.Simon id evolution iom tri magnen typen conjugations :
In ia classic bahsas kam awo hellen au sanskrit, ed maghses hatta in id sertst oraryo, nu-organisit uno majoritat-ye tidsysteme id verb, kam in Sambahsa. Ia magna conjugations, ab-ya ceters ghehde bihe deducen, sont present, aoriste ed perfect.
Id "narrative" aspecto correspondt tod descript in ia magna recenta wehrgs; in tod systeme, id verbal chronologia ne dependt realitat (pre/nun/pos) sontern id vidpoint al narrator. Imperfective descript un action quod esti dar jinkdound ye els vidpoint. Tid, in oraryo, eet uperwohrten med adverbal particules ed bilhassa, pro id imperfective, med id neud ios augment pro id prev ed iom primar endens pro id present.
In id narrative aspect, idmen imperfective skip couple con id perfective quod de kyus un action esont sekwent id vidpoint al narrator. Etileikwt id resultative-stative, quodschi descript un action esont sekwent id vidpoint al narrator, bet quos consequences al sonti dar actual.
O.Simons hypothese est od id awst aspectual systeme oraryios eet un "descriptive" aspect, quer tik-ye contit id type os verbal action (au non-action). Eetmen stative quod express un stand (mathalan : "id ghyor leit (nact) tiel id mar"). Sonst de, alter important aspect eet id "genuin aoriste" chunke tod hellen werd maynt "aungrance"; poitt lites tant-ye de un punctual action quos wakthadhs sonti negnoht, kam mathalan in id fall iom gnomic aoristen (qua daughent ka enunce general wa ayn ka solg facts, ex : "gwens kame clenods"). Id correspons ia reconstruct formes om "bare formes" (ed om zero-stieupens + thematic voyel) verben qua hant ghohden dadwe tant sema narrative perfectives quem sem imperfectives bi-sabab id action ia expreme ("ses", "gvehn", "vomeih"...). Alter formes eent "synoristes".
Ia verbal persons, ed pro sems ex ia, id voc, ne kweite ud mutu tik med ir endens, sontern opsschi med id tonaccent ed/au id ablaut. Sei talg enderkweiten exist, tehrpti bihe mohmt od id oppont, ye id indicative, id active singular ei hol reste.
Mathalan id verb *ghwen
*ghwent = gvehnt
bet *ghwnènt = gvehnent
Sam-ye, smad udwekwne id existence os un thematic voyel pro sem verbs. Tod voyel est "e", ploisko ye ia prest persons ed ye id trit person ios plural. Mathalan :
*bhèrom = behro
*bhères = behrs
*bhèret = behrt
*bhèrome = behrmos
*bhèretH1 = (yu) behrte
*bhèront = behrent
Ia paurskens os O.Simon suggeste id existence, pro ia singular thematic primar endens ios singular, om "popular formes" : *-oim > -ô, *-eis, *-eit (-eid)
Id stative :
Id stative ios descriptive aspect esti simple ad obtene : id verbal raudh est ye id "o" stieupen, tonaccentuet, pro id singular active, ed ye id zero stieupen pro id reste, samt tonaccentuen end. Mathalan *wòidH2e = "woidim". Id stative part-ye neudt special endens :
H2e, tH2E, (t)e, wè, tò, t`j, mè, (t)'H1, [è]nt, [è]r
Id correspondend medio-passive eet obtento med ia sam formes, bet redoublend-ye id prest consonno med un ambintern "e". Mathalan *wewòidH2e = som woiden.
Id perfective/imperfective systeme in id narrative aspect
Kam dict ab ir nam, ta dwo aspects sont bohnden ad mutu. Neudent samlik endens ed hatta mecanismes sekwent ia verbs.
Quasi vasya verbs neude un "bare forme", yani quo consist id simple verbal raudh, ye id "e" stieupen pro id active singular, ed ye id zero stieupen alyer. Id tonaccent est ep id raudh ye id active singular, ed ep id enden alyer.
Mathalan :
*H1est = est
*H1sent = sont
Punor, tod "bare" forme, quan id exist, est un imperfective pro sem verbs, ed un perfective pro alya.
Mathalan, *gwemt/gwmènt (ex *gwem = gwehm) sont perfectives menxu *ghwent/ghwnènt sont imperfectives (ex *ghwen = gvehn)
In id descriptive aspect, id "genuin aoriste" eet tod "bare" forme (au tod samt zero stieupen ed thematic voyel pro ia verbs quom forme nieudh id). In id narrative aspect, tod genuin aoriste hat-se dayt inter imperfective ed perfective (opsst-ye) sekwent id actionstype expressen ab id maynen ios verb.
Tehrpt ghi bihe ghapt od, sei id "bare" forme ne est nuden ye id imperfective, tod sessiet tun ye id perfective, ploisko sei exceptions diweident to.
En ia endens iom dwo aspects ye ia dwo vocs. Ia "primar" endens sont nudta tik pro id present. Id "e" iom endens biht "ò" sub id tonaccent au pre id "r" ambintern inter idge ed id -i.
Id general prabhil kay trehve id perfective ab id imperfective est nisbatan destull simple.
- Sei id imperfective ne neudt id "bare" forme ios verb, tod disprehpt ye perfective. Mathalan : linèkwt = linkwt, *lèikwt = likwit
- Lakin nu-dehlgient sem verbs nudes id bare forme ye id imperfective. Sei ta raudhs endent med un dental, ir contacto con un enden inkapend med unschi dental seuwiet id irruption uns intermedyios "$" quod maghiet bihe confus con id "s" ios sigmatic aoriste. Itak id perfective tom formes consist un raudh ye id zero stieupen, samt tonaccent ep thematic voyel.
Mathalan :
*H1leudh = leud; H1lèudhont = leudent
Instet **H1lèudh$t, id perfective est *H1ludhèt = ludit
*weid = vid; *winèd$t = vidt
Instet **weid$t, id perfective est *widèt = visit
Lakin, hol ne esti tem simple.
Est preter id fall iom verbs qua dehlgient nudes un "bare" forme ye id perfective, bet quom verbal raudh ja endti med un "s" we quom "bare" forme adduciet aberrations unte id tonaccentuation ios enden. Ta verbs neude punor un redoublen forme samt tonaccentuet "e" ed zero stieupen, ed thematic voyel.
Mathalan *sekw (quod neudt id medio-passive) = sehkw, *sèkwoH2e = sehkwo, id perfective esiet *skwH2è, quer id initial "s" kwehkwiet kam un "s-mobile". Itak biht hassilen *sèskwoH2e = sohkwim
Pehde kathalika do tod categoria plur verbs samt bare forme ye id imperfective ios narrative aspect, bet quer id neud ios sigmatic aoriste (vide herender) ne esti ciautaung ob ir maynen.
Mathalan : *ghwèghwnes = gvohnist (ex *ghwen = gvehn)
Smad bad udwekwne id promissor paradigme ios sigmatic aoriste. Sem verbs ios narrative aspect forme ir perfective med un suffixe "s" (id sigma) samt long stieupen "ê" ye id singular active, ed normal "e" alyer ("Narten ablaut").
Mathalan : *wegh^ = wehgh; *wêgh^sm = wohghim; *wègh^sent = wohgheer
Tod paradigme kwecto hieb, in id descriptive aspect, un telic maynen = Sambahsa "za-"
Smad ende med id archayic medio-passive aoriste, quod eet skipt ep id raudh ye id zero stieupen, med ia endens ios active.
Besonters : *bhuH2m, *bhuH2s, *bhuH2t.... = bihsim/buim, etc...
Tod conjugation okwivid-ye eet inspiren ex quo tyohc ye id stative, exhibih-yod samlik endens ye id active ed id medio-passive. Mukhtmel-ye, bi-sabab ia confusionsriska con id active, tod conjugation wohrg tik ye id singular, kam id archayic stative. Tod systeme semkam expliet ia irregular formes iom purtbahsas. Mathalan *d'rk^m = dyohrcim
Id verbal nomen :
Id oraryo verb ne hieb un "infinitive" kam in Sambahsa, sontern verbal nomens samt declination.
Molieti trehve sem systematique, temghi diversa sont ia formes in ia purtbahsas.
Oraryo hat gnohn un simple verbal forme, aun precis maynen quod eet nuden ka swobod werd (dependend id contexte ed id semantique ios werd) menxu id bohndt forme (nuden ka dwoter element uns composit) hieb ops un transitive maynen.
Ia reuls bestehmend id formation tos verbal nomen sont kam sehkwt :
Reul adadh 1 : raudhs in -eu- ed -ei- bihnti dehta do id zero-stieupen; sei endent med un consonn, tod forme est id simple verbal nomen, tant swobod quem bohndt.
Reul adadho 2 : Narten formes endend med consonn hant id "ê" stieupen in swobod forme, ed "e" in bohndt forme.
Reul adadho 3 : formes ne tehlpend in ia prever quaders hant un swobod forme samt "o" stieupen, ed un bohndt forme samt "e" stieupen. Sei senter bohndt forme ne endti med un plosive au un laryngal pos consonn, -t biht gwuten ei. In bo falls, un forme endend med -s gwuntsiet -t.
Reul adadh 4 : raudhs submiss ibs prever systemes ed endend med un voyel, au un laryngal pos un voyel, gwuntent -t in vasya falls.
Eent verbal actionsnomens in *-tu ed *-ti, quer id expression ios verbal action se begrancit logic-ye ei opposition perfective-imperfective.
Sonst-ye sont attestet sem raudhnomens, tem quem un formation samt "o" stieupen ye id nominative, ed zero stieupen alyer, samt suffixe -ey/i. Tod formation sollit maynt "ter quer" (loc au wakt au person). Pro verbs samt nasal infixe, tod formation sollit ses in *CoC-ti
Sei antreusmos hittite, ia athematics solleer forme heteroclitic proterokinetic verbal nomens, samt uno maynen os "resultat".
- ia raudhs remanend monosyllabic unte id conjugation solleer nudes un -trn suffixe. Mathalan *H1èitrn/H1itèrn- = itner
- ia raudhs endend med -w, -H3 au plosive solleer nudes -mrn.
- alters solleer nudes -wrn.
Kwecto buit un special systeme pro verbs wehrgend med nasal infixes, mathalan : *linèkwt / *punèH2t / *unèd$t (linkwt/puwnt/oxt)
Pro : *pewH2; id raudh est bisyllabic; ia dwo senst phonemes ios raudh bihnt invers, ed biht hassilen : *pH2u + rn
Pro : *leikw : monosyllabic, yed samt tri phonemes ye id zero stieupen : *likw; biht submiss uni inversion : *lyekw
Pro : *wed, quod khact bihe submitten queikwe deformation; id derivat sessiet ye id "o" stieupen.
Schowi :
*lyèkwrn/likwèrnes = lyekwrnt *pèH2wrn/pH2wèrnes = piurn *wòdrn/udèrnes = wed