Orient (ex latin oriri = "gnah-") deict id waurnstet quer weust id sol, idghi correspondt id dieninkapem, witer ad Occident (occidere = "fall-, mehr-"). Kyeust oinschi iom quar cardinal directions, eust. Nieb ta dwo relative (in wakt ed rewos) connotations exist unschi absolut neud ios werd quod evoquet uno menghia om aunmeidia, indolence, crueltat, edschi sensualitat ed dikat. Tod substantial "Oriento" ne est id product im "Orientals", sontern tim qui, witerom-ye, se hant aynens members alyios culturalios block, Occident, kamsei id ghaben os quo sont tehrbiet bihe mediatiset per id keipen irs alter. Todghi weida ios alter, "orientalisme", ne hat ka pendant un "occidentalisme" ed tod Orient, quod keiht ep oik fragil geographic ed historic facts, est un imaginar construction. Orient, in un ambigu relation kwohrn ex familiaritat ed stragnet con Occident, esiet sammel ids origin ed ids alter. Tod dayi hat un Historia, un bungos ed un permanence.
Gerome, 1871, "Esclaves à vendre"
Id bungos tos imaginarium[]
Id sabab tos privileget ed ambigu relation con Orient lyehct in id khisses uns prokwtat quod Occident hat dohlgen exorcise kay ghabe sien originalitat. Aun lites tsay do id Troia Weir quod oppos Hellens (Europe) ed Troians (Asia), oik facts maghe budes. Id invention ios raison, anadehn im Hellens, muss historic-ye ye id VIt secule in Yonan, in citads (Miletos, Ephesos) albatta cultural-ye hellen, lakin lyehgend in Asia Minor, pre ta buir assimilet ab id Parsi Imperium. Platon, anadehnd-ye ei Misri div Thot id invention os scriben edghi os Science, hat dahn un argument ad qui hant forget un dregh legend sekwent-tod is habiet esen inityen do philosophia in Misr. Bad, sei leitmos hoydtro in wakt, Christianisme, gnahn in Palestine, est in-kap ne meis quem un oriental sect, quod hat spohrn do Asia ed Africa pre kriges id europay rewos libter identifiet ad christiandem. Also, dwo traits, raison ed christianisme, behndent tienjien-ye Occident ad Orient. Scribend-ye od instar id sol, raison (id europay civilisation) gnaht eusti ed sgwent, yani riawdalst, westi, hat Hegel dahn tei these ids elaboren forme.
Europe, rehvend-ye se definitive ud Orient ed ambghehrdend-ye sien piern west (ia Uniet Stats os America), poitt mutalbe un occidental identitat essencial-ye distinct ud id oriental identitat.
"La Mort de Sardanapale", ab Eugene Delacroix, 1827. Sekwent id legend, kun Aschoubaniapli, roy os Babylon, khiss od eys belaghert citad vahsit pehde, is decis mehre con sien quant gwens, ekwens, precious objects ed fwenschawe sien palat.
Ex ia Parsi Weirs do id Orient Roman Imperium[]
Herodotos elaboret, in sien Ἱστορίαι, dwo "civilisational traits", quasi substancial, qua vibihnt ultim sababs kay explie id sigh iom Hellens, nespekent ir numeric inferioritat, uper iens Parsis. Is kaut id aunmeidia (ύβρις, "excess", "aunhadhia") iom Parsis quod is oppont ei sense os meid, synonym os raison, iom Hellens. Is kyunggiawt id leudher menos quod animet iens Hellens in id katu quod diwidih iens ia peind armees, skipen ab mercenars. It enplacet dwo themes qua bihsient recurrent, raison ed leudher menos, kay kwites, opponend-ye id ad Asia, quo serter bihsiet Occident. Diu poskwo, Montesquieu siet eme tsay ed popularise id wekwos "oriental despotisme", quod daughsiet kay explie id inaptitude iom oriental folks ei self-government, hatta sovietsko Totalitarisme. Id skeipen ios imperium os Alexander qui unifieskwit Asia ed Europe, id roman waldh uper id hol gnoht mund solleer milder id polemique : sont i barbars qui menace id roman civilisation. Bet id division ios Imperium ab Theodosius, quod buit dayn pos eys mohrt in 395 inter eys dwo sons, gohn ed consecrit ia dwo lexis Orient ed Occident kam ia neudmos : id Orient Roman Imperium (Constantinople/Byzantium) facet id Occident Roman Imperium (Rome).
Preter orientalisme[]
Maghe bihe kalen "orientalisme" ia cognitive ed imaginar variations de id notion Orient. Id autorisation os christianisme (edict os Constantinus, 313), dind idso status os saul official Religion ios Imperium (Theodosius, 393) ne dehlgent myehrsihes ids mier doctrinal diversitat quod wieust in id Megil Orient Schisme in 1054, separend definitive-ye id Orient Kyrk (wa orthodox, os hellen bahsa) ed tod os Occident (catholic, os latin bahsa). Bet buit bilhassa Islam ed ids menacend expension quod suw ab id VIIim secule un identitaro reaction : de Muhammad biht tolken kam de un rhassib, beghaben samt vasya zalals im leuds tos genos (skeulkia, fawngtawng), accusations kwohrn ep id aptergrund uns recogniht prokwtat inter ia tri Monotheismes. Bet, menxu Yahadut biht ayt ka un skultic fixation uni prever Orient, udzamanen ab christianisme, id islami dajalia biht identifiet uni extos menacend Orient. Ia Cruceades hiebeer part-ye ka objective pernices tod exterioritat recupernd-ye quo est, pro Occident, ids wi, id Saint Sepulker. In un sam refuse ios prever ed ios extos, ia hierm kathalika ia yudi koims (ia prest pogroms buir forfacen ab cruceits in 1096) ed provoqueer un dar gwiva trauma in Arasz'Islam, quer i Europays dar bihnt kalt "Franks" autah "cruceits" in sem antioccidentala logsa, yed muttihr semschi riche intercultural exchanges in ia iklimes quer iegeer claus mutu ed comtolkeer ia tri religions ios Buk (ia ephemer Schark latin Stats, ex 1099 do 1291; Sicilia, Andaluthia). Ibs deulgmos id transmission do Occident ios hellen philosophic ed scientific corpus, via ia arab tarjems. Est ayn od tod prest orientalisme, xeimen ios biblic erudition ed iom islami studyen, gnahsit in 1312 med id creation om chairs om arab, hellen, ibri, suriay bahsas in Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Avignon (tun seddos ios pappdem) ed Salamanca.
"Grande piscine à Brousse", Gerome, 1885.
Dwoter orientalisme[]
Ab id XVIIIt secule prohp un nov orientalisme, quod iskwit ses scientific ye id XIXt secule. Buit strict-ye samzaman quem id militar ed technic uperwaldh ios mund ab Europe : Bonaparte fortrohc ad kriges Misr (1798) bringhend con se un academia om mualims maimour med oistudye Orient; id ghyanen ios Suways canal (1869) meg prokwerihsit un piern Orient. Orient bihsit vaster ed idso studye se diversificit do multiple ilms (oriental bahsas, sinologia, islamologia). Kwe id mith buhsa ? Id oriental exterioritat, meg familiariht ab ia weidas, mutawierdh do un studyenobject pro savant - semper occidental - subjects. Orientalisme est dayim sokend po un origin quer iswohrye, esdi tod est neti religieus, sontern methodic-ye construct (kam id oraryo bahsa). Sei ies mualims raunstohg id splendor iom megil oriental civilisations (Mesopotamia, pharaohi Misr, China im Hans), exdighomeer ia megil literar textes (ia Vedas), toschi effecit khissihes id present Orient ka decadent, rhayr-achiz os gouverne seswo. Occident men hat parkwohrn ia promissa iom megil antique oriental civilisations; samzaman de Orient hat oistagnet, regress. Nieb tod objective Orient, gnaht un exotic Orient. Id initiatic safer do Italia iom Renaissance humanisten biht tayt ab un khabdo dia Orient, un druv "oriental renaissance". Chateaubriand, Nerval, Lamartine, Flaubert safernt do Orient. Poets hause ter subjects (id West-östlicher Divan ab Goethe, Les Orientales af Hugo, Salammbô ab Flaubert) ed pictors sem pictoresk motifs (orientalisme). Apter id exsohgnet Orient iom scriptors ed tod construct yed semper "orientaliset" iom mualims, biht schawkienen id druv Orient.
Pos orientalisme ?[]
Id irreversible Decolonisation dehsit, in id druna ios XXt secule, un endo tei "orientalisen Orient". Europe neti ghehdt se bemehne ka substancial Occident makhend-ye sien alter, Orient, ayt un rhayirascus origin quod tehrbiet bihe regeneren per bifangh, quo leitiet unte un submission, con au aun consens, ad cios hegemonia. Id hat face se tem maung alter Cultures, ielg samt sien wi historia. Id Globalisation quod hat sohkwt id decolonisationsprocess hat gohnt plur scenarios : tod uns tienxia uniformisation, irreversiblihn ab id desployment iom Techniquen ed id generalisation iom exchangen; tod uns regnahsa iom megil cultures irreductible dia mutu, hatta in stand os conflict (id "clasch iom civilisations" sekwent Samuel Huntington), qua bifanghient cada ye sien weidos ia techniques ed economic mecanismes. Etileikwt, volt ne volt, od est Europe quod hat suwt id globalisationstrend ed od id hat ghohdt kwehre id med sien vol os bemehne alter ed volge kye sien wi historia, med un reflexive gwayt quod est id saul quod acceddeiht id universal. Tod universal subsist, lakin nuntos beghis substancial mathmoun, tik-ye conceptible ka uno smyohrno rewos exchangen inter ia different cultures.