Platon gnaht in Ayghen, prokwem Athenas, shayad in 427 pre JC, yani dwo yars pos Perikleusios mohrt, in un aristocratic familia. Deikend precoce ghabs pro vasya sciences (khaliban-ye mathematique) ed vasya arts, hesitend inter politic carriere ed tod os poesis, is circum dwogimat ghat Socrates (469-399 pre JC) ed decidt tun, enthusiaste, se consecret ad philosophia.
Face ia politic dehrens gnohn ab Athenas in id fin ios Vt secule ed face id mohrthuckem adversus Socrates, Platon consciet un collabend mund. Khakend tehle id mukam in Athenas, gwaht Megara, bi Euclid, dind enderghendt un serie safern qua duce iom do Misr, poskwo Taranto, quer is biht prient ios pythagorei philosoph ed Statswir Archytas. Kad senters exempel, ed id model uns gouvernement quos waldh se seult ep science ed philosophia isnahnt Platon ad accepte id invitation Dionysyios, ios absolut mayster os Syracuse, in Sicilia. Bet is displaist jaldi iom tyrann : arrest, kaupt tsay ab un priento menxu eet pohrnt ka sclav, vireict Athenas in 389.
In 386 seult Platon, prokwem Athenas, in Academios gardens, un philosophia scol quod bezielt permitte ibs almens administre citads sekwent ieustet : id Academia. Uper tos dwer ghehdt bihe lisen tod significant warnen : Ἀγεωμέτρητος μηδεὶς εἰσίτω / Non-geometer mae ineihtu. Id Academia gnoht baygh jaldi success. Trans platonisme, vaht remane, unte 900 yars, id intellectual centre os Awo Hellad. Kun Platon mehrt circum -347, Philip os Makedonia hat ja enderghens id long weir quod dreibhsiet id politic fin os Athenas.
Copie uns portrait os Platon ab iom sculptor Silanion, kwohrt circum -370 pro id Academia.
"Io ghieb od noster citads sont dusgouvernen" scripsit Platon in sien Septim Brev. Sei pro Aristoteles (384-322 pre JC), philosophia inkapt med staunos, pro eys mayster inkapt med indignation contra un mund quer biht assassinen is sellst iom wirs, Socrates (466-399 pre JC).
Roman bust ex marmor os Socrates, maghses copie uns aysen kip ab Lysip (Vt secule pre JC)
Id invention os philosophia[]
Preter-ye wehrgum os pur wehkwos ab Socrates, philosophia trehft in ia dialogsa os Platon sien presto script forme. Yant sien origin, posdehrjt con bahmen un sibia quod tehrpt bihe eluciden.
El philosoph se recogneiht med ob el tolct de quant, kwehkwend taraghe id enderdeilen iom competence quod obliget ielganghen ad tolke tik de sien specialitat. De to, Platons dialogsa sont revelator : leit de quant, de ieustet (Πολιτεία / Respublic) ed de courage (Λάχης), de science (Θεαίτητος) ed de pietat (Εὐθύφρων), de rhetorique (Γοργίας) ed de poesis (Ἴων). Bet sei el tolct de quant, el ver philosoph dehlct kwehre id semkam : swekwehrnd-ye od el suabayant, in sien logos, de id possibilitat tos logos, od el udwekwnt neid these incompatible con id fact os ghehde tolke de ia jects. Talg est id naudh quod id logos al impont ed quod in ia dialogsa incarnet is person Socrates.
In id nam tos naudh Platon critiquet iens mentors quoy hant precedden iom, ed preter iens dwo megstens : Herakleitum os Ephesos ed Parmenides os Elea (VIto secule pre JC). Sekwent Platon, id herakleitei these uns aunstop mov quantios, bestehmt menscenlogos ad ses tik un contradictor balbel, menxu id parmenidei these ios still Ses nos dwinght silence. Idghi presto task os philosophia dehlct ses panges os "quo est", yoitkwe est possible tolke de id aum-ye. To sessiet kalt serter, pos Aristoteles, "metaphysique".
Parmenides (gnahn inter -530 ed -515) oiscripsit tik oin wehrg : un philosophic poem in epic stiches ex quod hant ghohden tiel nos oik fragments conservet in citations altern autors. Specialistes aynt od id integritat os quo hams conservet est notable-ye dohbrer in comparation ad quo hat ghohdto tiel nos ex quasi ceter philosophs pre Socrates, ed itak id lohr os Parmenides ghehdt ses reconstruct destull precis-ye.
Id sensible ed id intellectible[]
Dayir ia objects qua acceddmos med noster senses, kwecto yed Herakleitos sieyg prabh kun is oistohm od logsa ghehde ses tik-ye contradictor. Vasya ghi sensible objects anancent-se ye ambigu weidos, binisbat ia werds qua usems : quo est "mier" ghehdt kathalika bihe kohnsen "smulk" ye alyo vidpoint, quo est "bell" proe-est "biaur" sub un different aspect, we ghehdt bihe it (Φαίδων).
Platon vidt in ta ambiguitats id mark ios temos, kwekmor iom sensiblen jects. Aun ses mutlak inintellectible, ta jects ne behrnt in se id prabhil irs ghaben : refernt, kay bihe ghapt correct-ye, ad realitats alyios aurdhen, quom sont semkam inikas au copies, sam-ye quem un skadh refert, kay bihe ghaben ka skadh, ei objecti quos skadh id est. Platon illustret tod analogia inter id sibia iom skadhs ibs sensible jects, ed iom sensiblen jects irims intellectible models, in id maschour allegoria ios balma (id Respublic, Septim Buk).
Is pre-Socrates philosoph Herakleitos os Ephesos (herprotie, pineg ab Johannes Moreelse, 1602-1634) gwivit circum inter -520 ed -460. Is mutalbit un vision ios aurdhen iom jects different ud vasya adic conceptions. Tetos gwehmt uno mussalsal critique ios superficial perception ios realitat ed gwivmodus pleisten menscen. Un recurrent theme os eys philosophia, nieb id multiple-ye tolkim concept logos quod kweit id kemall aurdhen iom jects ed ira recognition ed explication, id natural process constanten bihsa ed change. Serter buit tod change resumen do id popular formule πάντα ρει / quanta sreunt. Herakleitos confrontit-se kathalika ibs contrar couples, kam dien ed noct, budtses ed swehpen, oinses ed dwises, qua is iey wehse in un contradictionplen unitat.
Ia formes ed id Sell[]
In vasya bell jects, el philosoph dehlct uces recognihes id presence "ios-pet Bell", quod confert ielgi idso type ed ids beauteitsdegree. Sam-ye, euct repere in ia prabh actions id "forme" au id "dayi" ieustet. Id forme, id dayi (in hellen : είδος, ιδέα, μορφή, ουσία...), est quo kwehrt od sem ject est quo id est, ed quo kwehrt wirtic id dia id nam quod ei est tribuet (Κρατύλος) : deilmos her con idpet philosophic concept, quod bayant, sekwent Platon, de id possibilitat ios logos ed de ids vertat. Chunke sieni forme deulct sem ject od est "druve-ye" quo id est, id "forme (au dayi) ios Sell" dehlct ses privileget binisbat ceter formes : skeipt, pro ielg ject, tod inner consistence quod namimeiht id.
Id "allegoria ios balma" est id description, ab Socrates, uns endergrund, balmink woikia, quod un weur dikhliz yunct ei surface. In id balma gwive mensci qui hant passen ir hol jumiung ter ka prisoners. Sont seddend ed murbohndt per ir neuks ed glesens, yoitkwe tik semper ghehdent spehce perodh kyid witer mur ed khakent wehrte ir caps. Itak khakent dyehrce id entrat quod wehst za i ed woide neid de ids existence. Seswo ni alter prisoners khakent vide. Beluct est ir woikia ab un ogwn quod aydht dalg za i. I prisoners vident tik tod luce, bet ne idso surce, ed ep id witer mur vident ir skadhs.
Dialectique ed liubh[]
In pleista dialogsa os Platon, id presence os Socrates daht ei tolk ids philosophic dimension : quo habiet est, aun iom, tik un drehden om witer vidpoints, biht, dak eys corrosive ironia, un paursken po id ver. Preter implohct in ia ambiguitats ios sensible mund, spreuvend id impossibilitat os assumpe ia logic consequences om sien prest opinions, el contolker wehst oiskeulend uperlites sien wi contradictions, ed gwehmt it proscher id intellectible loc.
Platon kalt "dialectique" tod paursken po id ver med dialogos. Is enderkweit hois "ubgwayt", quosmed anghen leudt ex ia contradictor opinions tiel ia intellectible formes qua prabheihnt de ta, ed ciois "ghomgwayt", quod reict ia ambiguitats ios sensible mund kay disnode ia. Ubgwayts akro, id culmen ios philosophic andwrnt, est id dyeia ios Sell, sammel raison d'être iom jects ed prabhil irs gnohsa : in id allegoria ios balma, id symbol ios Sell est id sol, quod gwiveiht ghomgohnsens med sien gvrens, ed visibleiht i med sien luce.
Chunke cada atmen trehct natural-ye kyid Sell, bet yando ne woid quo id druve-ye est, id dialectique, quodsmee bezielt panges idso druv buhsa, correspondt in ielg mensc un staur mentseuwen : tod os liubh. Preter sexual, attragen ab id corporal beauteit al liubht ses, liubh est natural-ye bestohmen ad bihe liubh os corporal beauteito daydey, dind os spiritual beauteit, kay ghehde, sekwent un stiupt initiation, tei supreme dyeia quod ei revelet id identitat ios-pet Bell ed ios-pet Sell. Unte tod initiation, liubh conservet sien definition : est semper gehnskwe ye id contact os beauteit (Συμπόσιον / Compotium). El philosoph, quel gehnt logsa dyeind-ye id forme ios Sell, stahalt it sieno nam : "lieubher" (φίλος) os "mensdeh" (σοφία).
Tod grehven ab Pietro Testa (1648) deict iom makhmour Alkibiades qui interrumpt id compotium os Socrates.
Reminiscence ed mayeutique[]
Cada gnohsa consist un recognition : sagve recognihes, in un phenomen ios sensible mund, ia intellectible formes qua dadwnt ids wastah. Quoghi daht sense ei paursken po vertat, est nies maghos recognihes id quando trehvmos id : pro to tehrbmos ya gnohvs id semptos, pos myehrsus id, ed id acto quosmed retrehvmos id tehrpt ses un sorte os remehmen (Μένων). Uces neghi consist, kam est ops credihn, sinkwes weida do un tuich atmen : ies Sophistes, ed pelu pedagogs, credeihnt ghaw-ye od id probleme os talim consist trehve id gohdsto technique kay transmitte id weida ex el mayster do el almen. Bet el mayster est tik un waurmen : Uces est remehme.
Platon invoquet tod idee ios remehmen, ios reminiscence os vertat in nos, kam un gnohmen ios nemertios ios atmen, ed kam un encouragement ad napaurske vertat, aun despere. Quo obstaht, ep tod itner, est id mayn (δόξα), id fact od credeihmos ja woide. Kam Socrates, el druv mayster est quel nos leurt ex tod pseudonym, ed nos "lieubeiht mensdeh", nos wehneiht id med id conscience os nies negnohsa. Tod leuren ex un pretensieus atmen est un prelude ei surrection iom vertats qua wehse ter bedohlven aiwois. Id hol process, leuren ed surrection, est un sorte os gehnen ab id atmen : idghi socratic talimart est comparable tei ias acuscherin, ei "maieutic" art (Θεαίτητος).
Plotin (hellen : Πλωτῖνος, 205-270 pos JC) est is magno representer ios philosophic movment kalen "neoplatonisme". Panct sien scol in Rome in 246, quer Amelius buit eys presto disciple. Eys releisen iom dialogsen os Platon buit un important inspirationsurce pro id christiano men in plen formation ye tod zaman ed pro Augustinus os Hippo, influit profund-ye occidental philosophia. Id integralitat eysen scripts buit publien ab eys disciple Porphyrium os Tsour, qui jamiyit ia sub id forme Enneaden.
Neoplatonisme ed id platoniste heritage[]
Platons idees vahnt gnohe un nov spand in Alexandria, ex id IIIto do id VIto secule pos JC, in un eclectic systeme quer se blandent ad certain lohrs om Aristoteles ed Pythagoras, tem quem ad mystic aspirations os oriental origin. Namen "neoplatonisme", tod systeme est representen ab Plotin (205-270), Porphyrium (234-305), Iamblikh (circum 250-330) ed Proclus (412-485). Quayque in perpetual jidal contra christianisme, ies neoplatoniste philosophs prepare newissab se id evolution quod duct irresistible-ye, in id fineihnd antique mund, uni symbiose om platonisme ed christianisme. Sei id theologic ed philosophic wehrg os Saint Augustinus (354-430) antplehct hol-opnos-ye id tension ois ir ghaten, confusion trendt eti se installe inter ta dwo universes, confusion in quod Platons lohr leust sien orgwis. Ex tod zaman tarikhet id representation os platonisme ka evasionsphilosophia, opponend id intellectible mund ei sensible mund kam diweide mutu Warwn ed Ghom; Nietzsche iter se beuwt ids echo, in tod ironic ed brusko jumla : "Christianisme est un platonisme pro id popule" (Jenseits von Gut und Böse, 1886). Ies mentors ios florentin Renaissance reike platonisme, au exacter-ye neoplatonisme : Ficino ed Pico della Mirandola eme tsay id tradition ios commente iom Dialogsen os Platon, besonters ios Συμπόσιον / Compotyios. Id humanisme os Renaissance est convict od ta skeipe un propedeutique ei Christian religion. Tod conviction dart, ye id XVIIt secule, med id scol sayct im "Cambridge platonisten", quim magni representers sont Cudworth ed H.More.
Eti, id scientific revolution ios XVIIt secule, id megil rupture con antique science, tyehct hassa con Aristoteles. Estghi un essential these bi senter od mathemathic precision ne dehlct bihe paursken in ia demonstrations dayir Nature. Galileo explicit-ye diweidt tod these kun is seult moderne science, ka gohd platoniste, ep tod dastur : "Nature est un buko scriben in mathematic lurhat." Menscaum ghehdt trehve in se, per reminiscence, id alphabet os nature, ia druv elements os gnohsa. Platonisme ne est tik present in id historia os philosophia. Sub sien forme semkam fadiht ab id contacto con christianisme, skeipt un shangsu os occidentalo literature, besonters os poesis. Est retrohft, mathalan, in tod stiche ab Lamartine (1790-1869) : "El mensc est un fallen Div qui mehmt warwn." Est incontestable-ye present unte ia hola Fleurs du Mal os Baudelaire (1821-1867), ne tik in id mystique iom "correspondencen", sontern hassa in id evocation ios Ideal, sammel gwayder mehmen ed promiss os evasion.
Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688) eet un Englisch theolog ed philosoph, uno neihndo rjienbwuts bayna i Cambridge Platonistens. Ois un familial aptergrund lyehgend eni id non-conformist milieu os Emmanuel College, ios Universitat os Cambridge, quer is oistudyit, is bihsit Regius Professor os Ibri (1645-1688), Mayster os Clare Hall (1645-1654)ed Mayster os Christ's College (1654-1688). Eys megil wehrg, intitulet The True Intellectual System of the Universe buit publiet in 1678.
Mathematic platonisme[]
Nundiens biht dar tolken de "mathematic platonisme" kay kyuses id conception sekwent quod ia mathematic objects (numers, figures...) ne sont construct ab el mathematiquer, sontern xeihnt un independent realitat, ed skeipe un druv mund, quod el mathematiquer exploret : in tod sense, Bolzano (1781-1848), Cantor (1845-1918) au Frege (1848-1925) buir "platoniste" mathematiquers. Est meis authenticitat in tod serto reference ad Platon quem in id usage, biht current, ios adjective platonic kay kwites un chaste ed etheric liubh, ed extension-ye quantum est aun concret effect.
Id exceptionalst contribution ad logique ios deutsch logiquer ed mathematiquer Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (1848, Wismar - 1925, Bad Kleinen) buit od is ka prest antplohc un formalo lurhat, quo diedw un essential fundament ei moderne informatique, tem quem ei linguistic semantique.
Platon ed politic science[]
Platon wert buit dehtor ios prest universitat, au ios prest "Institut om politic sciences" : chunke ne tohrb ses pior wohlpen ke peursti bihr philosophs, tohrb ke philosophs bihr iri radhers. Tetos id urgence uns druv politic talim.
Tod bezielit plehe ia kowngbaykus os traditional talim consistend id eucen om leisen ed scriben, gymnastique (preparation ad Weir) ed music (poesis, sehngven). Tetos kathalika id ubweirten os pederastia ka education ios yuwen ab eys maturat lieubher. Betschi dohbh ses oistahn apo id talim iom sophisten, sult ep rhetorique, ed privilegend fauric efficience uper id paursken po ieustet. Id Respublic gjuchient id long andwrnt iom philosophschaghirds, quoy tohrb ses ghehdiht accede id mund iom Dayis, saul zariya kay beluces id politic action. To est illustren ab id maschour allegoria ios balma : anghen tehrpt bihe salge id illusion ed ghabe id druv buhsa iom wirts kay, reikus id menscenmund, ses wirtic de gouverne i.
Esiet nundiens-ye smihto de id place ijaben ad mathematique ed de id longe ios talimat : uno megil maturiete tohrb ses oiskohpt (50at !) pre ludes kyid dyeia ios Sell. Bet kwe ne est, in id denunciation im technocrats au ios politician politique, id echo uns aunstopp decepen naudh : ne est sem sell politique alyo quem orientet kye Ieustet ed beluct ab id Sell ?