Railvia (ex Englisch railway) kyeust bo un via ex metallrails ed un transportwassila ep tod via.
Id franceois TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse = "hogsyrato train") est un srovdrohpto train propuls ab electric motors (ploisko id TGV 001 prototype, quos Energia eet dadwt ab un srovijadh samt gasturbines) quod nact regular-ye 320 km/h ep hogsyrat lignes. Hat sohlt id tienxia record os syrat ep rails in 2007 med 574,8 km/h.
Pon ids enservicen in 1981, uno netwehrg noven hogsyrat lignen buit construgen in France quod oistrohc unte 2600 km in December 2017, id quart plautsto tienxia pos ta om China, Japan ed Espania.
Historia om railvias[]
Railvias gnahr ex ia paurskens tyicta kay swekwehre ibs bugsairen vehicules un bestohmto direction ed un slab resistence face mov. Dreun rail buit nudt yant 1670 in England, in id region os Newcastle; buit kardwnto med sider medsu id XVIIIt, sammel quem id kwekwlring biht instohlt. Ta proceddats permitte kem un ekwis tract - saul tractionsforce tun behandet- meis quem dwis sien wi vyige. Pro ia metallrails, existeer circum 1776, prokwem Sheffield, un railvia ex "angule-rails" qua nihr aunringa kwekwls.
Id prest public railvia, quos woghs eent tract ab ekwens, buit enservicet in 1804 inter Wandsworth ed Croydon (takriban 16 km). Bet ja in 1803, buit patentiren un steummachine ab dwo Englisch constructors, Vivian ed Trevithick. Circum 1806, preter, taynd-ye pro id neihsa iom kwekwls ia railangules med bulbenskeip stanghs, dahsit ei railvia ids asli origin.
Id antslehnken ios railvia est bohnden tei ios locomotive. Id presto test os steumAutomobil tarikhet ex 1770 ed est due iom franceois ingenieur Joseph Cugnot. Id locomotive om Vivian ed Trevithick eet inspiren ex ia models uns US American, Oliver Evans, quos steummachine rollend ep rails hieb isnahn tik incredulitat (1804). Ia peitens om Blenkinsop (1811), Brunton (1813) duxeer nei satisafacend solution; ed is Englisch Blackett buit is prest qui pruv id kafi adherence om locomotive kwekwls ep glat rails.
In 1827, uno muhim Progress buit tyicen ab id invention ios franceois ingenieur Marc Seguin; eys tubular chaldkattil, sagviet-yei George Stephenson, son uns Englisch minorbater, dahe id necessar airdruna pro id suawehrgen ios aydh injecend-ye id skapsteum do id camin, skeipt idpet origin ios moderne steumlocomotive; tod siet se titawrliene. Stephensons Rocket, quod ielgv in 1829 id mizdo ios Rainhill spehrd, bugsairt 12 942 kg ye quasi 24 km/h. Id ghehdt bihe ayt id atavo vasyen steumlocomotives, quomsmee essential elements id comprindt.
Id prest public railvia accessible ab mussafers buit ghyant in 1825, in England, inter Stockton ed Darlington; yed ia mussafertrains eent tragen ab ekwens.
Id notion netwehrgo prehpt in Belgia samt id ghyanen in 1835 ios ligne ex Bruxelles do Mekhlen, urb quod bihsiet unte oct yars id centre uns railviastar om 560 km tyicen ab id yun independent belg Stat po un hatta economic ziel (yunges id port Antwerpen ei holi land), betschi os national unitat.
Ab 1840 in Europe wardhent tadrijan ia national netwehrgs, ambghehrdend, casu quo, ia prever tyicta strohcas. In ia Uniet Stats os America, id antslehnken os railvia est spectacular : 6 km in 1827, meis quem 2000 km in 1837; yant 1869, ia lignes construgen pon ia atlantic ed pacific causta joinent mutu in Promontory, Utah : id presto transcontinental railvia gnaht. Alyo transcontinentalo ligne sessiet enservicet in Canada in 1886 (Montréal-Toronto-Vancouver) menxu, ep id Vetus Continent, tehrpsiet bihe intizarn tiel 1916 pro id ghyanen ios Transsibirsk : meis quem 9000 km inter Moskva ed Vladivostok.
Id Madrid-Yiwu railvia ligne est un tajirrailvia quod connect id Chinese citad Yiwu con id espaniol nagor Madrid, begwahnd-ye 13 052 km. Ab Yiwu, tajircitad lyehgend 300 km suder quem Schanghay, id train tehrt China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Polska, Deutschland, France ed bad Espania.
Id train dehlct se adapte ibs differents viawures existend unte id itner : standard wure in China, Russian wure in Russia ed ex-sovietsk lands, iter standard wure in Europe ed bad iberic wure in Espania. Id normal duren ios safer est 21 diens menxu un naval route tehrbiet 6 hevds ed emittiet tris meis CO² (114 tonnes adversus 44 tonnes per train).
Structure unios moderne railvia[]
Essential elements ios railvia, ia rails hant sul-ye un double rol : swekwehre id neihsa iom vehicules ed tehle ir onos. Idghi moderne via est oiskipen ab dwo parallel rails pact ep traverses qua dare ir arken ed tehle ta onsa. Id menghia keiht ep id ballast, quod dayt ia efforts ep id platforme ed swekwehre id evacuation ios seuywedor. Pre id dehsa ios railvia, id platforme (dohbro nivellt natural plor au bright yed nert-ye compact materials) biht prefect-ye dohmen. Idsghi stabilitat est dependen id suadarmen ios via. Id ballast est un alv ex kaurd ed calibern combrohgen petras; ia traverses sont auter ex kardu dreu samt injecen creosote, au, stets meis, ex beton. Betontraverses sont tris gwaurer ed coste meis quem dreun traverses, ia dure punor mutawassit-ye dwis diuter.
Rails sont ex stal ed ir makhen est submiss uni rigoreus control; vyeigend 60 kg pro meter, sont levern in 36 m long stanghs ed assemblen in atelier med electric kalay do "long stanghs" (tiel 288 m). Bihnt poskwo deht ep ia rails samt 1/20 inclination kay favorise neihsa ed id centren iom axen; un cauchouk buffer biht interposen inter id rail ed id traverse kay absorbe ia vibrations due id eptergumt iom trains.
Ep vasya majorelectrifien lignes, ia locomotives kwahnt id srov med un articulet apparat kalt pantograph samt uno ghneiharchet quod sleidt subter un contact hangligne dart horizontal med un ciautaung suspension, id uperligne. Id "reiken" ios srov tyehct unte ia kwekwls ed ia rails sub ia. Substations dayt engwn id railvia dake meg hogtension srov ex id general netwehrg ed dadwnt id ciautaung srov ei uperligne.
Kun id terrain est sanscha, id construction uns railvia impliet id tyeicen multen artimaras, besonters brigvs ed tunnels. Ia prest brigvs ed viaducts eent ex muraria dind, samt ia progressa os siderurgia, buir construgen mier metallic brigvs kam id Garabit viaduct (1884). Pon ia progressa os stalbeton (1940/1950), pleista mier brigvs bihnt tyict ex spandbeton.