Widt per referendum dien 12 December 1993, revis plurs, ye id akhir ker dien 1sto Jul 2020, id Constitution ios Federation Russia, quod abroget tod os 1978, teulct pro id staurst iom Memberstats ios Communitat Independent Staten un regime meg different ud id prever systeme. Also mathmount un daftar iom "права и свободы человека и гражданина" in-yod sont besonters kaut id recognition ios vetatsrect (Articles 8, 9 ed 35), ed os ideologic pluralisme (Art. 13). Id Constitutional Curt (19 judces) swekwehrt id respect ios Constitution. Bet pon plur yars tetyohc uno "meurchen" ios regime, quod hat-se kyunggiawn ab Vladimir Putins dwot election ka president dien 6 Marto 2012 (control uper ia media, limitation ios effective bungos iom rects recognihn im opponents).
Russia est un federation[]
Id Federation Russia comprindt :
- 21 Respublics + 3 ep id ukrainsk territorium (Kirime, Donetsk ed Lugansk) samt ir wi constitution ed legislation;
- 9 krays, 48 oblasta (pati Kherson ed Zaporijjia annexa ex Ukraine)
3 urbs os federal significance (Moskva, Saint Petersburg ed Sevastopoli quod lyehct in Ukraine), id yudi autonom oblast ed 4 autonom okrugs samt ir wi status ed legislation.
Ta quant samberect entitats sont "субъекты российской Федерации" (Art.5)
Id Constitution bestehmt ia matiers qua gwehme ender id competence ios Federation (mathalan constitution, menscenrects, wahid mercat, exteriora relations, defense ed securitat), ed qua gwehme ender id joint competence ios Federation ed iom Federationsubjects (mathalan, neud ios araszi ed iom natural ressurcen, education, sanitat, ambient....). Id control ios central magh ep ta entitats remanti meg angh.
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Glend = Respublics; Orange = Krays; Gehlb = Oblasta; Rudh = Urbs os federal significance; Violett = autonom oblast; Blou = Autonom okrugs. Ia contestet territoria in Ukraine sont pohrct.
Id Parlament[]
Namdeht Federal Assemblee, est id legislative organ ios Federation. Comprindti dwo chambers :
- Id Concil ios Federation quod comprindti dwin representern os ielg "subject" ios Federation. Uter est elect ab id legislative organ ios territorium, alter taukilet ab el executive tos territorium (ploisko opposition ios regional assemblee med un 2/3 majoritat)
- Id Statsduma quod comprindt 450 deputeits elegen pro 5 yars (ir numer varyet pro ielg subject ios Federation ed id duren ios amt eet 4 yars pre id constitutionalo leg ios 30 December 2008). Pon 2003, id partise "OInihn Russia", stehmer os Vladimir Putin, behandt id majoritat iom sedds.
Su-behandt ieter assemblee wi competences, besonters dayir ia relations con id Executive, bo de assemblees comsmyehrnt id magh os vote id leg. Tod dehlct bihe widt ab id Statsduma dind ratifiet ab id Concil ios Federation; in fall os ikhtilaf id Statsduma poitt impones sien vidpointo tik med id majoritat iom 2/3 wiswen deputeits we accepte un conciliationsproceddure adducend un protocol de-yod id wehkwt med absolut majoritat ed sammel conservet, sei id ikhtilaf con id Concil ios Federation persist, id senst werd med id 2/3 majoritat.
El President ios Federation Russia[]
Dominet id executive magh ed id hol politic systeme.
Eet elect pro 4 yars med universal direct suffrage, quo al swekwehrt uno meg mier autoritat, ed tod amto duret penk yars ab id 2012 election. Dien 3 Jul 1996, Boris Ielcin buit elect pro un dwoter amtstid. Hat istifen dien 31 December 1999 kay bihe tayn ab Vladimir Putin qui proe-biht elegen dien 26 Marto 2000 med 52,94% iom suffragen dind relegen dien 14 Marto 2004 med 71,3% iom suffragen.
Muadeb dia id Constitution quod bant bunges meis quem dwo successive amtstids, Vladimir Putino ne hat recandidaten pro ia elections ios 2 Martios 2008. Hat cess id place ad Dmitri Medvedev qui eet Premier Minister (perodhsedd ios gouvernement ios federation), elect med 70,28% iom stehms. Dien 7 Mai 2008, is nov president hat kyust Vladimir Putin ka premier minister. Un nov permutation tyohc sekwos id election os Vladimir Putin ka President dien 6 Marto 2012.
Id referendum ios 1st Jul 2020, quod hat approben id constitutional revisiono med 77,92% iom expressten suffragen, permitt ad Vladimir Putin recandidate pro dwo successive amtstids, aun bespehce ia amtstids is hieb ja tyicen. Buit relegen dien 17 Marto 2024 med 87,3% iom expressten suffragen.
El President behandti meg importanta maghs :
- est rays, behandend un judicial immunitat hatta pro sien amt
- pos proposen ios Statsduma, taukilet el Premier Minister ed pos proposen tal, i ministers
- poitt azwlihes id Gouvernement
- defineihti ia suloptions ios innerstat ed kharij siyassa ios Stat (Art. 80)
- poitt recurre id referendum
- behandt id rect os dissolve id Statsduma
Russias waldhstructure
Ia sibias inter ia maghs[]
Complexe, sont pregen ab ia reciproc pressemswassilas ios Parlament ed al President :
- double responsibilitat ios Gouvernement ant el president ed ant id Statsduma;
- dissolutionsrect ios Statsduma ab el president (Art. 109)
- enaccusationen al president ob hog khaniat au alyo grave delict ab id Statsduma azwl ab id Concil ios Federationios med un 2/3 majoritat (Art.93). Id azwlsproceddure os President Ielcin ornuwt in Mai 1999 hat duyst bila hassile tod 2/3 majoritat.
Ibs conflicts inter President Ielcin ed id Statsduma buir unte sem wakto gwutta tensions inter iom President ed id Gouvernement qua gehne un gouvernemental instabilitat : also pos id rukhsa os Viktor Chernomyrdin in Mart 1988 hant succedden mutu tri premiers unte 14 munts. Pos ia elections ios 7 December 2003, presidents Putin ed Medvedev behande bilax id auncondition stehmen ios Duma. Ad to biht gwuten id concentration ios waldhios do id brungos os Vladimir Putin, quod id Ukraine Weir ne hat affect, bilhassa ob id hat ei permitten reduce dar meis id actionslure eysen opponents.