Russias nam gwehmt ex un clan svensken Vikings, im "Rus", qui federeer ye id IXt secule sem slav teuts. Tiel id end ios XVIt secule, West Europe gnohsit tik id namo "Moskovsko Grand Peurstdem", id lexis "Russia" gwohm bad ye tid os Peter iom Megil, quan id Russian Imperium buit proclamet in 1721. Ex 1922 do 1991, Russia skip id dehtorelement ed id miersto respublic ios Union Sovietsken Socialisten Respublics (USSR).
Portrait os Volodimir Sveintoslavich (in Awo Rusk : Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь, 960-1015) ep un Ukrainsk banknote. Is buit Peurst os Novgorod (970-988) ed os Kiev (978-1015) ed remant maschour ob id christianisation os Russ
Id Kievsk Russ
Russ(ia) entret Historia ye id Xt secule. Unte id rewos inter Baltic ed Kyehrsen Mar, betyohcen ab id Danwper ed occupeneun pon id prest millennium pre JC ab un destull skider slav befolken, svenski korels, ies Vaerings, impone ir waldh ed creet un peurstdem quos centre est id urb Kiev. Kjiauschis ex id Rhomay Imperium im bringhe orthodoxo christianisme ed un schrift deriven ex id hellen (kirilitsa). In 988, is grand-peurst os Kiev, Volodimir, convert-se. It skeipt un prest rusko Stat menxu ana id Baltic mwanient un torgrespublic in relation con id Germanic mund, Novgorod.
Pior ouvert kyid steppenpeltewih, quetos reusche vagderlawa, id Peurstdem Kiev biht destruct inter 1223 ed 1240 ab id invasion im Mongols os Chinghis Khan, qui i Ruski namsient "Tatars" ed qui vahnt muslimasce. Tik ia populations iom nordwidus behrge ir swobodia.
Tod grohven panell ex id Nicolauskyrk os Strahlsund (Nordeust Deutschland, circum 1360) deict Novgoroders quoy porge ir tovars (veverpells) in Riga. Id Novgorodsk Respublic (Awo Rusk : Новгородскаѧ земьлѧ) buit un Rusko Stat inter 1136 ed 1478 quod oistrohc ex id Baltic Mar do id Ural ed ex id Albh Mar do ia uper drunas om Volga ed Westdvina. Zaexistit quando buit annex ab Grand Peurst Ivan III ei Moskovski Stat.
Id Moskovsko Grand Peurstdem (XIVt-XVIt secules)
Ex un urb tos region, Moskva, regnaht Russ. In id druna ios XIVt secule, ies Moskovski grand peursti enderghende un rekrigo contra i Tatars. Crehscrehsct ir peurstdem. Pos Constantinoples pehden in 1453, ies grand peursti, orthodoxi souverains, declare ses ids legitim hereds hin aye od pos id antique Rome ed id Rhomay Imperium, Moskvas meinyun est bihe id "Trit Rome", nagor ios Christian empire. In 1547, Grand-Peurst Ivan IV emt official-ye id imperial titule os Tsar (kam Sambahsa Cesar, ex Latin Caesar).
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1717 portrait os Peter iom Megil ab Jean-Marc Nattier. Peter Alexeievich (Пётр I Алексе́евич, 1672-1725) buit is sensto Tsar os Hol Russ (ab 1682) dind is prest Quantrussian Imperator (ab 1721); lakin, i Russian souverains nabihr de facto kalti "Tsars". Member ios Romanov dynastia, buit proclamet Tsar decat, sien sampater swester Sofya Alexeievna esend regentin. Ob sien interesse dia sciences ed gospoti swohds buit Peter is presto tsar qui enderghens un diuturn safer do West Europe. Quan is rik sien land in 1698, is dostrig baygh reformes pro tem id Stat quem id cadadien gwit. Pos extendus id Rusk territorium tiel ia Baltic ed Albh Mars, is emsit in 1721 id titule "Imperator".
Id Russian Imperium (1547-1917)
Ex id XVIt do id XIXt secules orneuwnt i Russian souverains un progressive krig ios immense Asiat rewos trans id Ural (Sibiria) tiel id Pacific ed China. Rehvent ex i Ottoman Tyrks id nordouper ios Kyehrsen Mar ed Kirime. Supodehnt ia muslim peurstdems om Central Asia ed os Cavcase. Unte sien plautst extension, id Russian Imperium covehrt 22 millions om km².
Eti, Tsar Peter is Megil (1682-1725) enderghendt europayihes Russia ed desplacet sieno nagor kyana id Baltic (creation os Saint Petersburg). Sub eys regne ed dar meis tod as Tsarin Catherine II (1762-1796), id Russian Imperium biht oino iom megil stieures os Europe. Act uno major rol unte ia Napoleonian Weirs, preter allieit, poskwo duschman os France. Unte id 1815 Vienna Congress, Tsar Alexander 1st est oino iom arbitragers os Europe. Tod brilliant rol masct lakin un profund economic ed social chitay. Bad in 1861 stope i russiani nowngmins ses serfs menxu tiel ia 1890tias, Russia mant apank ud id Industrial revolution. Ids politic regime (autocratia) continuet ses un absolut monarchia. Ia politic ed social tensions prehpeihnt, bilhassa in ia eduquen classes (id интеллигенция) ops gvaltic revolutionar movments : Tsar Alexander II biht maurdhen in 1881.
Nespekent oik timid reformes ed un real economic spand, id imperium os Nicolaus II, tsar pon 1894, remant un skept ed fragil Stat. Ids aurghen do Mund Weir Oin ei est fatal : id desastreus korionia provoquet in 1917 id Russian revolution quod uperwaldht tsarisme.
Id Soviet Union (1922-1991)
Pos oin confus yar, i bolscheviks, duct ab Lenin, lambhnent id waldh in October 1917 med id stehmen iom popules comitees (советы) ed seule id presto socialiste Stat in Historia quod bezielt realise id communisme theorisen ab Marx (1818-1883). Ex 1918 do 1921, sekwos un cruoric civil weir, reoineihnt id territorium ios prever imperium ed creent un federal Stat, id Union Sovietsken Socialisten Respublics (USSR), sub id hegemonia ios wahid autoriset politic force : ios Communiste Partise.
Pos id mohrt os Lenin (1924), id magh biht tadrijan tacto do ia ghesors ios Secretar-General ios parties, Stalin, qui wanact dictatorial-ye id land ex 1928 do 1953. In id quader uns alnos-ye stataliset economic systeme, id stalinsk waldh enplacet un staur industrie ed collectiviset jabran araszi med un repressiono neicend millions leuden. Nespekent un ambigu tentative proschgumt kye Hitlers Deutschland (1939-1945), Stalin biht dribhto do Mund Weir Dwo ob id Nazi aggression os Junios 1941. Id Soviet Union, dank un enorm mobilisation sienen economic ed menscen ressurcen, participet active-ye id victoria im Allieits. In 1945, est id saul stieure quod ghehdt bihe comparet ibs Uniet Stats os America.
Ithan start un long, tem ideologic quem diplomatic ed militaro Srig Weir. Menxu id regime lyt milderasct pos id mohrt os Stalin (1953), id mal functionment ios administren economia, id gwieure os bureaucratia, id rigiditat ios reulend oligarchia slabereihnt tadrijan id USSR. Ia tentative reformes ducen ab Mikhayil Gorbachov yant 1985 taraghe id systeme ed vicause id implosion os Sovietsk communisme. Menxu ia peripheric regions proclame ir independence, id Soviet Union dissolvt-se in 1991 ed ep id base os historic Russia wardht id Russian Federation. Tod eiskwt ses un pluraliste democratia ed restauret id prabhil os Mercatseconomia.
Boris Ielcin (Борис Николаевич Ельцин, 1937-2007) buit is frontasch os Russias democratic transition ed economic liberalisation. Member ios Communiste Partise pon 1960, so apparachik acceddt id Central Comitee bet vibiht kohnst pior contestatar ed exclus. Parlamentar pon 1989, biht is lider ios democratic opposition. Act un decisive rol in id deuysen ios putsch os August 1991 contra Mikhayil Gorbachov. Is dwinght ad senter istife, quo provoquet id fin ios Soviet Union ed permitt bihe is prest President os Russia. Id intervention do Chechenia, id economic marasmus ed ia financial scandals ruine eys popularitat, yed is biht reelegen in 1996, nespekent sien sieune problemes. Slaberihn ed discreditisen, is videhlct istife in December 1999 kay bihe tayn ab V.Putin.
Un emergent mercat
Quayque meg taraghen ab id deuysen uns communiste experiment quod hat duret meis quem 70 yars, Russia remant tienxia 12t economic stieure samt un BIP om 1280 milliards om US$ in 2016.
Unte ia 1990tias, sub Boris Ielcins presidence, id transition ex id statal systeme do id mercatseconomia buit difficil. Privatisations tyohc samt maung disaurdhen, ed hatta obkwohk yando ses un plunder os national opnos. Id production collapsit : in 1995, id BIP skip id dwidel tos os 1989. Id restausa inkiep in 2000, unte Vladimirs Putins prest presidence. In 2005, id BIP rik sien 1990 nivell. In 2012, pos un sehnken due id 2008 tienxia economic crise, id crosctratio os 3,7% classificit Russia bayna ia Emergent mercats. Pos id Kirime crise ed id imposition ab Occident om economic sanctions, Russias economia iter sohnkyit.
Dank sien plieute ed diversitat, Russia behandt enorma natural opnos. Presto tienxia productor om naft ed gaso samt muhim reserves, id xeiht kathalika id quardel om Terras widuressurces, tehrpt-yibs bihe addiht un baygh platu cheus ruyden. Ye id agrent nivell, behandend 200 millions hectaren arwren - ex qua sems sont uns exceptional fertilitat -, est oin om tienxia magna segetal productors. Idsghi potentialitats sont baygh promissor.
Ids economia kwehndt lakin defects heriten ex id sovietsk era : un extreme centralisation, id excessive rol ios Stat - Gasprom, quasi-monopol ios reuyden os natural gas, bayght majoritar-ye id Stat -, un persistent sliebe iom transformator industrien quod obliget ad importe uno mier part iom consummwares. Tik id bwukiindustrie (id militar-industrial complexe) obkwehct spehrdwent : Russia est oin om tienxia prest armentajirs ed ids militar stieure remant muhim.
Russian economia est kwecto pior dependend sien exports om raumaterias ed energia surces, quom prisa bestehme de facto ids economic sieune. Ei moliet se integre ad globalisation, nespekent ids adhesion in 2012 do id Muntorganisation.
Russian flags biht swohnct face un weirnav ios Russian Kyehrsen Mar Flotte. Ia relations os Russian con sema nieber Stats ed Occident (besonters ia USA) sont difficil. Biht mambht ad Putin scrisces id prever Sovietsko stieure menxu un significanto numer Russianen maynt od ia USA ed ir Europay allieits ne tehle od sem lando diweidt ir hegemonia. Pos id "Maydan Revolution" in Ukraine ed id uperwaldhen ios Putin-prientlik President Yanukovich, ia Ruskbahnd provinces ios eustios tos land hant pamrlant. Id strategic-ye important kimber Kirime - quod eet part os Russia tiel ia 1950tias - buit facil-ye reannecten ab Moskva in Marto 2014. Lakin, to esend un violation ios dastur ios respect os territorial integritat alyios Stat, ia Occidentala lands hant emen sanctions protie Russia, quo hat est vierdnic dia ids economia. In Eust-Ukraine, dwo Pro-Russian Respublics naweighent contra id Pro-Occidental gouvernement in Kiev. Un frequent critic protiev id siyassa os Putin est od is oistehmt dictators pro sien strategic brungos - un "Realpolitik" quod Occidental Stats hant iaschi ops empraxiset. Also, in Suria, Baschar al-Assad hat ghohdt mane in waldh dank Russian bwukilevers, unte id civil weir quod nadestruct eys land. In Russia, democratic opponents bihnt betaycen, ed yando maurdhen, kam Boris Nemtsov in 2015. Oligarchi smyehrnt inter se id politic magh, kam Ramzan Kadyrov in id Russian Respublic Chechenia, quom gospoti media compare uni Mafiosi. Itak, Russia bo fascinet ed dekhschat.
Oku social transformations
Unte 25 yars, Russia se hat maung transformen. Uno medyo classe, khaliban urban, hat apparihnum in un land quos nagor, Moskva, hat 12 millions weikern ed quod comprindt dec citads samt uper oino million leuden. Vohrten do circa 25% ios population, tod fraction est gwaukan-ye moderne ed gheidt lure ed democratia. Punor, id population iom medyen urben ed iom provincial regions kwehct conservativer, maghses hatta nostalgic dia id sovietsk era menxu ia rural milieus hant retrohfto traditional reflexes, besonters un reiken ios orthodox religion.
Khaliban ep tod conservative majoritat kneigvt id regime os President Putin amtireneund pon 2000. Autoritair ed nationaliste, efficience-kabil, yed enderminet ab corruption, pau muadeb dia menscenrects, tod kwecto posdart id tradition uns akster-ye personalisen magh, aun mier possibilitat os alternation.
Kaurndo de redahe ad Russia un rang quod id dissolution ios USSR hieb leusihn id, Putin amet restaure Moskvas influence in ids peripheria, zaruri jabran (Chechenia, Kartvelia). Hatta formal, id Communitat Independent Staten (CIS) creet ab Moskva in 1991 con 11 ex ia 15 prever sovietsk respublics, deict id naduren tos maxam. Daydeyer, Putin kwehct mot ab un vol os contre id Occident, besonters dank id vetorect in id Securitatconcil ios Uniet Nations.
Ne est sure od to est Russias interesse ye longo meiwrnt. Id land kwehndt mult carences, qua hat dribhen un akster denatalitat - id global populationo meinct -, sem schawngdan weitwodden ab ia ravages os alcoholisme. Future siet depende id economic antslehnken, id bespehcen iom social transformations ed iom aspirations de democratia.