Id Schah-Nameh (in Parsi شاهنامه , yani Buk iom Roys) est oino iom dehtorwehrgs os irani culture. Keihnd ep preislami narns, tod royal epos om weir ed mensdeh buit oiscript inter ab-kap id Xt ed in-kap id XIt secule. Circa 52000 dwistiches long, narret id meis au minter legendar historia iom Irani roys, ios creation ios mund ed iom prest mythic roys, tiel i Sassanians ed Irans krig ab iens muslimihn Arabs ye id VIIim secule. Id Schah-Nameh occupet un unique place in tienxia literature, esdi maght bihe comparet, in sem meid ed meis au minter part-ye, ei Mahabharata awios Hindios, ad Homers Iliado, auti semims arthurskims romanims occidentalios Medievios.
Id Schah-Nameh esti daydey divis do tri parts : mythic, heroyic, historic. In ia Irani historia, culture ed identitat, hat id Schah-Nameh minst-ye un triple importance. Preter, id hat preserven - oral au scriben - traditions ios antique historia Irans, qua disparitiono menacit. Pelu ghi narns dayir iens preislami roys ed heroys bayghe id mensdehyazgen, quos origin tarikhet tsay do IIt millennium pre nies era, ed quod hat bihn un rigsdyin sub id parsi dynastia im Sassanians (224-651). Transmiss oral-ye unte secules, ia mensdehyazgi traditions buir niscripta bad ab-kap id sassanian zaman, au in-kap id muslim zaman, menxu Islam-on hiebit birn un quasi fatal cutto tei dyin in Mediorient. Resaygend-ye awa traditions, yanen oral-ye we niscriben do buks qua ne hant gwohmto tiel nos, Ferdowsi hat contribuen preserve ia, ed sammel dahn ibs sema nov coherence, force ed meinyun.
Dind, id Schah-Nameh hat redahn un nov annem ei - cultural ed politic - conscience uns irani identitat, menxu ia irani elites biwohn reskipes un parsi rig, pos id destruction, ab iens Arabs ye id VIIim secule, ios akhir royaltat in Iran : ios brilliantios dynastia im Sassanians, long-ye udwekwnen ab Ferdowsi, ed quim culture dedighit id muslim oriental mund, in tem diversa xeimens quem id conception os royaltat, id curt etiquette, id administrative organisation, arts, literature au music. Nespekent id domination pluren irani dynastias ye ia IXto-Xt secules (Samaniyans in Central Asia, Buyides in Mesopotamia ed Iran), un irani rig ne buit reskipt : id magh remien arab (Abbassi khilafat os Bagdad) we pohd, inkye Iran, do ia ghesors om tyrk au turkmene (Rhasnaviyans, Selchukis, Savafiyans, Kadjars), mongol (Ilkhanis) au tyrk-mongol dynastias (Timuris). Lakin, id Schah-Nameh hat cristallisen, definitive-ye ed tiel nundiens, un klewost ed epic antiquitay, un kjiengowo mensdeh, un poetic sensibilitat, un certain vision ios mund ed ia cardinal ideals uns gwivkerdos. Med sien werd, quod iskwit yunerihes ed gwinwes aw Iran, Ferdowsi hat creen un forme os poetic imperium, quod hat jabbar-ye contribuen, divers-ye sekwent ia zamans, forge, gwinwes we udnove un irani conscience ed un iranitat os culture.
Fin-ye, id Schah-Nameh hat consecren Parsi ka culture bahsa in id muslim Orient, ye un zaman kun Arab, brighen ab Islam ed bihn id lingua iom elites, trensit marginalise alter lurhats. Rythmet ab dens, solid ed staur stiches, Ferdowsi hat employt un pur bahsa ed milt parsi werds meis quem ia arab werds qua hieb tun laht id parsi lingua.
De iom-pet Ferdowsi woidam quasi neid. Gnahn circum 940, mohrn circum 1019 au in 1025, is gwivit in Tus, in Khorassan, prokwem id urb Maschad, in nordeust Iran. Eys actual maghil, in Tus, buit construgen in 1934. Lyter zamindar, eet os schiyi agama. Ferdowsi udwekwnt sien situation plurs in id druna siens wehrg : deikend sien oumer (esti 60at kun scripti de Key Khosrow (IV, 13), 63at kun is narret id regne os roy Ardaschir (V, 481)), schikayndo de paupertat (V, 549-551), rieudend id mohrt os sien son (VII, 191-193), expremend her ed cer khisses om desperation ed aytan (VI, 83).
Ferdowsi bitohxit sien poem pau pos 975 ed ens id in 1010 ed ispet poetos tolcti de 35 yars jakhd (VII, 503). Inkapen sub id irani regne im Samaniyans, id epos buit partohxen sub tod os Mahmud os Rhasna, un sunni tyrk souverain qui, inter 997 ed 1030, struxit un rigo covehrndo Khorassan, Afghanistan, un part os central Asia ed os Nord Hind. Ferdowsi dedicit sien poem ad Mahmud, quom is gwehrdt (I, 23-27), bet is wanak ne mizd iom poeto tem maung-ye quem so wohlp. In sien wehrg, Ferdowsi anadehti to ad calmuniators qui hant diswohrt ud iom ia favors ios roy (VII, 295). Sekwos-ye, Ferdowsi (au unis negnoht autor launend eys nam, style ed stiches) scripsit un satiric poem de iom souverain, ei mambhend-ye eys absence om generositat, kleumen ed noblesse.
Admiren ob sien style, sien symbolic opnos ed sien formatorinfluence ep id irani identitat, id Schah-Nameh est leleismen, lelehgmen ed kekeipmen in Iran. Est, con ia stichenromans os Nezâmi, oino iom kiptstenb texten ab pictors : preter in kawus, betschi ep objects (ceramiques, metallwehrgs, kelims). Certain episodes, kam Rostams ordeils, buir pelus pigen we kipen ep asulejos, ep ia murs iom hammams, iom doms au iom sarays. Stiches ab Ferdowsi bihnt recitet unte tranditional vreikstsessions, ed mult popular nackals au actors, in pasars au doms, narreer certaina maschour aventures. In Europe, id Schah-Namzh buit gnohn bilhassa dank Jules Mohl, orientaliste os deutsch origin, qui paruih, inter 1838 ed 1878, uno meis au minter complete franceois tarjem os Ferdowsi megil wehrg.
Zahâko ghyorbohndt in monto Damâvand (kip ex 1430)
Mythic tids : ies prest roys[]
Pos un lauden os mensdeh, Ferdowsi narret id creation ios mund. Dind historia inkapt med iens prest mythic roys. Is prest, Kyumars, creator ios thron ed os royaltat, regnet ep un golden aiw ed un abadic wer. Is ed eysi successors (Huschang, Tahmuras, Djamschid) organise id societat ed id royaltat. Docent im menscims id makhen om vesters ed kelims, id cocen os pitu, id domestication im animals, id kerdos om ogwn ed metall. Khitert ne keuncti de lahe tod mund ed transforme id-sim do plor om weirs, maurdhs ed vengences. Djamschid, klewost royo quoy est anadehn id fest Novluce, pehdti do gurur. Bihti tun uperwaldhen ed nicen ab Zahâk. So demoniak tyrann, ep-yos omsa gwive dwo ogvis, merct Iran do temos ed chaos. Fereydun, un royal descendant alt in secret ab un gwowu, biduct un pledvehpamrlan begohnt ab Kâveh, un kovach : vinct id armee os Zahâk ed zangirbehndeihti tom incarnation os khitert atopp monto Damâvand.
Pos un regne om justice ed pace, Fereydun deilt id rig inter sien tri sons : Salm, atav im Romans, Tur, atav im Tyrks, ed Iradj, atav im Iranis. Salm dact id west ios Rig, id land Rum (Asia Minor) menxu ad Tur echeet id eust ios rig, Turan (Central Asia). Iradj, is hakimest, dact Iran, id gohdsto deil ed id centre ios mund, tem mag-ye quem eys braters jalouse ed assassine iom. Est id inkapem iom conflicts inter Iran ed Turan ("Tur-land"). Riche med maschour episodes ed heroys, occupent id central ed longst part ios Schah-Nameh. Manuschehr venget sien grandpater Iradj : neict Salm ed Tur, dind sumet id thron Fereyduns, sien propater.
Rostam katuet protie iom Kwito Div unte sien sept ordeils (kip ex 1430)
Heroyic narns : weirs inter Iran ed Turan[]
Pos tod prest part, in-yod Ferdowsi hat lohct id adgumt os royaltat, id gnahsa os weir, id origin iom loys os meinyun, tehlpt id narn iom intermittent weirs inter iens Tyrks os Central Asia ed Iran. Id irani dynastia iom Kayaniyans drehdt Afrâsyâb, lughav ed cruel roy os Turan, qui vibihsiet vict ab Roy (Kay) Khosrow, un quasi messianic rjienbwuts. Id Schah-Nameh narret ia bois, intrigas, beurtcutts qua plage iens Irani heroys. Liubhstorias ne manke : kam tod, srehtwent yed samt un noroct end, os Bidjen, irani jenchi, ed as Manidjeh, princesse os Turan ed Afrâsyâbs dugter. Ex iens mult heroys (Tus, Gudarz, Giv, etc....) maghe bihe udwekwnt tik ies magni. Sâm, roy os Sistân, hat un son, Zâl, qui gnaht samt gerontkays. Aygvend, is pater forlinkwt iom magv in id Alborz gabehrg. El av Simorgho kwaht ed alt iom, dind uperdeht iom, pos pelu yars, eysi pischman pater qui vant iom.
Ex sien gvibh Rudâbeh, Zâl gehneiht un son, qui biht is megst heroy os Irans historia : Rostam. Beghaben samt un kyudost nerce, un aunhadh courage, prabh ed adil, Rostam uperstaht rhalib-ye multiple peripetias, bayna qua sept initiatic ordeils.
Yando khalassen ab el Simorgh, ed hohlpen ab sien ekwo Rakhsch qui salvt iom sem dien ud un lion, Rostamo nigventi tem dragons ed demons quem iens soldats os Turan. Is gehneiht un gwen ex Turan (Tahmineh) un son, Sohrâb, un exceptional jenchi, qui subeiht lakin un sordid kapan. Afrâsyâb kamyapt suwes uno nehcduel inter Rostam ed Sohrâb, aun toy recogneihnti mutu : is pater neicti sien son. Syâvusch, son ios irani roy Kâvus, est alyo maschour heroy. Yuwen, is subeiht un diksordeil (uperrides un ogwn) kay se desaccuse, dind sgwahti do Afrâsyâbs curt, quer is wehdt eys dugter Farangis. Jalous, Garsivaz, is brater Afrâsyâbs, pussiret senter ad assassinihes iom yun prince os Iran, prototype ios innocent victim grohnden ud ia complots ed id Baygakwekwl. Syâvusch bihsiet venget yars serter : Key Khosrow, is son is gehnih Farangis, reict Iran ed ghendt id cron siens grandpater Key Kâvus. Con sien armee, is attaquet poskwo Turan ed neict Afrâsyâb ed Garsivaz. Pos un regne quod hat retulgen pace ed id salvtat ios rig, Key Khosrow transmitt id royaltat ad Lohrâsp ed oisgwahti do id gabehrg ed id desert, quer is dispareiht aun linkwes trace. Lohrâsb hat un son, Goschtâsp, qui gwaht westtro, do Rum land, quer is wehdt iam dugter ios Cesar ed neict un dragon quel hierb id land. Is reict Iran, seddt ep id thron ed propaget Zarathuschtras nov dyin (Zardosht). Id weiro restart yed contra Turan, quod hat un nov roy, Ardjâsp. Esfandyâr, son os Goschtâsp, weighti courageus-ye contra Turans armees ed vivinct roy Ardjâsp.
Itabic ob ne algvus id thron ka mizdo sienen exploits, is heroy schikayti de to sieni pater : senter eiskwt kem eys son ei bringht Rostam zangirbohnden, isghi heroy hat buwt Sistân un pior independent rig. Esfandyâr abdrehdt Rostam qui, dank un suggestion ud el Simorgh, kayapt nices sien duschmano med un isu. Bet id warwnloy esti zalim : Rostam kweihti tod sigh med sieno nehc, embusct ab sien semibrater. Is son Esfandyârs ijapt id thron ad Homay, qua esti sammel eys dugter ed eys gvibh. Ays son, Dârâb, wehdt iam dugter ios roy ios land Rum, Philipp : is purt gnahn ex tod conjugia est Alexander is Megil (Iskandar), quei Ferdowsi tribuet it un pwolirani origin.
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Iskandar wehst Roschanak (kip ex 1655)
Id historic deil : ex Alexander iom Megil do i Sassanians[]
Ye tod pointo sienios narn, Ferdowsi joint id gnohn historia Irans, esdi ia lohct wakyas bayghe ops legend. Is betaycti iens Hakhamanisch; payn udwekwnt is Darius-sim III (Dârâ), vict an Alexander iom Megil. Plur capitels sont consecren ei hellen kreiger, describen ka uno modelroy, legitim hered iom Hakhamanisch, ed ka hakime in sohkw os gnohsa. Alexander kreict lands, incontret folks ed gaivias ye id hadh os supernatural, paursct aun success id nemertisant Gwitiskwor, dehmt un wall protie ia teniforces om Gog ed Magog, hagyet do Makka, gwahti China ed Hind. Ferdowsi ne tolcti de iens Seleukides, iens successors os Alexander, ed meg pau dei Parthawis (Aschkâniân). Id senst part ambilehcti dei Sassanians, qui hant likwn un sabit print in Iran. Ardaschir (Ist), dehtor ios dynastia, gnaht ex id conjugia os Sâssân, un descendant os Dârâ, ed ias dugter uns gouverneur os Fârs. Pamrlant protie iom parthawi roy Ardavân (Artaban IV) ed neicti iom. Biht roy, is wehst eys dugter, qua peit in vain poisone iom. Ia ei gehnt un son, Schâpur (Ist) qui weighti iens Romans. Dank iam dugter uns arab roy, is dwot Schâpur lambhent un poli in Yemen dind gwivt rocambolesk aventures in id rig Rum. Sub sien regne prehpt Mani, mayster pictor ed autor unios nov dyin : Manichaeisme. Pos id tyrannic waldh os Yazdegerd (Ist), Bahrâm Gur acceddt id thron. Gnoht ob sien gwenenliubh, ed sien talents om sayad ed loncstrehler, is repulct un attaque iom Chinesen ed deughti tusents em ciganen musicians ex Hind. Pluri roys, aun megil platwos, succedde mutu dind. Iran biht menacen ab vagders ex Turkestan, i Hephthalites, ed id popule est victim uns grave famine. Roy Ghobâd (Kavad Ist), unte un khvil prisoner im Hephthalites, weidt Mazdaks revolutionar dyin, quod advoquet id daysa em opnos ed gwens. Ghobâd nehmeiht pitu ei popule, bet eys son Kasrâ (Khosrow Ist) ed uno mensdehyazgi ghutoro refute public-ye ia lohrs ios heresiarch qui biht poskwo nicen. Oins ep id thron, hohlpt ab iom hakime wasire Bozorgmehr, Kasrâ instituet un prabh ed erkwnd regne, quod Ferdowsi descript long-ye. Id rig retrehft pace, augos ed prosperitat. Ex Hind, schakh biht introducen do Iran.
Is son os Kasrâ, Hormozd (Hormizd IV) dehlct face id pamrlan os un general qui uperwaldht iom ed usurpet id thron. Feugus bei Cesar os Rum (Rhomay Imperium), Khosrow Parviz, son os Hormozd, kamyapt rikes id magh. Is wehdt plur gwens : iam dugter ios Cesar os Rum, dind iam swester ios rhassib general (Gordiya), un sakht jenchnia, ed fin-ye Schirin, un armene princesse. Id regne gnoht un sombre fin : bihn tyrannic, Khosrow est assassinen ab sien son. Senter volti lambhnes Schrin, qua nehct se poisonend-ye. Is sensto sassanian roy, Yazdegerd (III), dehlct fuges pos id marloubia siens armee face iens arab kreigers yisen ab Umar, Islams dwot khalifa. Id miser assassinat os Yazdegerdo deht un fin ad Irans long preislami historia.