Kathalika namt "Lakedaymon", Sparta est, con Athenas, id maschoursto citad os Awo Hellad. Lyehgend in id sud ios peninsule Peloponnese (Laconia), id hat aus viwaldhen id, preter med id krig om territorias, poskwo med id skeipen uns liga citaden id dominit. Ids weikers eent i Spartans, itak in moderne bahsas, "Spartan" maynt "frugal, rigoreus".
Imaginar portrait Lykurgios in id Dom im Representers iom Uniet Stats os America. Dar nundiens est rhayr-yakin an Lykurgos ("wolf-ark") druve-ye existit.
Id Spartan originalitat[]
Sparta est un exclusive-ye jenchi citad quos institutions, anadehn ei legislator Lykurgi (IXt secule pre JC) tem quem gwitweidsa curieusihr i Ancians.
Ies civs, kalen "Spartans" au "Egals", eent reducen uni teun aristocratia, ielg familia brungend un inalienable ardhlott (κληρος). Esend ies sauls quoy xihr rects, domineer i periweikers, provincials ex ia rurs submitten ad Sparta, ed id menegh im helots, genis serfen bayghend id Stat, honnt ed uperkwohlmten med humiliations.
Ies civs, bestohmt ad bihe jenchis, diek un besonters rigoreus education. Encaserneneut pon septat, alt kaurd-ye, eent submiss ad stragn ordeils, kam ia ernus os resistence protie bich, subiht ant id altar as Arthemis Orthia, au ei "cryptia", initiationsprist unte quod is yun Spartan dohlg tupes, klehptend kay se piutes ed neicend i helots is incontrit nocts. Soldat ex dwogimato do sixgimat, is Spartan civ, hattaghamt, dohlg wikes in id caserne, quer is commejit.
Spartas gouvernement eet in ia ghesors os un "gerontia", ed om penk ephors elect pro oino yar, paleks om tradition ed moralitat ed samt meg extensa maghs. Punor, ies dwo roys (raysi theoric-ye) ed id assemblee iom civs hieb tik restrict maghs.
Periweikers ed helots eent tik non-representen subjects : ab id VIto secule pre JC, Sparta gwivit samt id baysa uns pamrlan im baygh-ye kathire helots. Tod paur expliet part-ye id stand os permanent mobilisation quod kweit id citad.
Léonidas aux Thermopyles, pineg os 1814 ab Jean-Louis David. Leonidas, gnahn circum -540, buit Spartas roy ab -489. Face id baygh upermikarnd parsi heir in id Thermopyles dervente (-480), is decisit se sacrifie con sien soldats kay salve id reste iom hellen trupps.
Megdos ed decline os Sparta[]
Nisbatan ghyanen extro tiel id medium ios VIt secule pre JC, Sparta se comstrohbh, bi dusgnoht sababs, ab 550 pre JC. Smyehrt muzlim-ye id defense os Hellad menacet ab id parsi invasion, nespekent id fameus episode ios desperat boi ios dervente iom Thermopyles. Disweint hassa ud Athenas, tun in plen spand, ed ex 431 do 404 pre JC, id Peloponnese weir oppont bo citads.
Victor, bet med id financial imdadh ios parsi roy (quo est kohnsto schamic in Hellad), Sparta sib swekwehrt tun un bragv hegemonia brohgen ab id marloubia inflict ab iens Thebays in Leuktra (371 pre JC): id quardel iom Spartan civs nehct ep id walu. Tod wakya nischant id inkapem uns decline.
Submitten kam vasya hellen citads ei makedon domination unte id sensto tridel ios IV secule pre JC, Sparta tentet in vain pamrlane. Ye id Hellenistic zaman, biht uperkwohlmen ab social problemes quod id inat conservatisme iom institutions guranwt (makrousia, rarefaction iom civs, bfuxiongo crehscen os misere). In id druna ios IIIt secule pre JC, dwo roys, Agis (245-241 pre JC) ed Klewosmenos (235-222 pre JC), dind un aventurer, is tyranno Nabis (206-192 pre JC) tente important social reformes, bet id roman krig brehct ta restauskwens. Sub id Roman Imperium, Sparta est ne meis quem un insignificant varosch.
Tetradrachme ios IIIt secule pre JC os Sparta (Λ Α = Lakedaymon)samt Klewosmeno III levi ed Arthemis Orthia dexi. Klewosmeno sess ep id thron pos id mohrt siens pater Leonidas II, qui penk yars prever hiebit buwen sien co-roy Agis IV azwl ed snumbihn eys vidvu Agiatis sien son. Sekwent id schahidia os Plutarch, Agiatis ge convic sien nov mann ke persohkw id reformatoro project os ays prever conjugo quan is habiet gwohmen do magh. Conscient id deuysen os Agis, Klewosmenos ornuwit Sparta do un weiro protiev id Akhay Liga. Dank sien victorias, is sib udkorelit ia absolut maghs, eliminit iens ephors ed dostrig un araszireforme. Way, is roy os Makedonia Antigonos Doson vilahsit Sparta ed Klewosmeno dohlg fuges do Alexandria, bei roy os Misro Ptolemayi III in 222 pre JC ed suicidit ter in - 219.
Id spartano mirage[]
Awi Hellens buir bo attragen ed pnisen ab Sparta.
Id austeritat iom mores, frugalitat, id sense os discipline ed id bayghti dia id Stat buir admiret, besonters ab Xenophon (427-355 pre JC) ed Platon (427-347 pre JC) quoy buw id uno model witer idwert laxisme ios athenay democratia. Bet eet un part om mirage ed idealism in tod attitude : id Spartan realitat eet kwohrn ex maung inhumanitat, egoisme ed crueltat. Id Spartan systeme, centren ep weir ed brutal nerce, compris khaliban archayisme traits qua likw id citad apank ud id kyudosto spand ios hellen civilisation.
Sparta ghi hat neid ye id cultural nivell, ploisko id jenchipoesis ab Tyrtayo (VIIim secule pre JC), qui maghses eet hatta neis native Spartan. Honnend art ed rhetorique, i Spartans hant nel-ye contribuen id "hellen miracle" : ne hant dohmto monuments, hant habt neter orators ni philosophs. Nundiens etileikwt amalan-ye neid ex tod aunsam citad.