Sud Africa

Sud Africa (Afrikaans : Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Englisch : Republic of South Africa) est un Respublic ye id sudbors Africas. Id grancent nord-ye Namibia (1005 km), Botswana (1969 km) ed Zimbabwe (230 km), nordeust-ye Mozambique (496 km) ed Eswatini (438 km). Lesotho (1106 km grancen) skeipt un enclave eni Sud Africas territorium.

Ia oindem official bahsas sekwent id Grundleg sont Afrikaans, Englisch, Ndebele, Nord-Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa ed Zulu. Id rand (ZAR = [in Nederlands] Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand) est Sud Africas rawaj pon id proclamation ios Respublic ed id decimalisation in 1961, kun id tiey id Sud-African pund.

Tiel 1991, Sud Africa remien id land os racial discrimination, id buxianxu apartheid. Id election os Nelson Mandela (1994) poskwo tod os Thabo Mbeki (1999, reelegen in 2004), hant permitten un noroct evolution ios land. Sud Africa est un economic cleichactor, id magno stieure ios iklime.

Un divers population

Sud Africa, samt 55 millions weikern, est un druv multiracial societat.

Id aydokwo communitato (bayna qui Zulus ed Xhosas) skeipt 79,5% im Sud-Africans. Tod population hat kaurd-ye kwohnden id apartheid ed conservet idsa stigmas (alt beghsorbatiaratio, corter exspecten jumiungo quem pro id blank communitat...). Ia social efforts enderghendneut pon meis quem dec yars effecent tik lent-ye.

Ab id XVIIt secule, Europays os Nederlands origin gwehme ad page do Sud Africa. Ir mission est gadabihes un bender pro ia navs fanzowend unte id Route kya Indias. Ti prest Europays sont kalt Afrikaners (un lexis quod maynt "African" in nederlands bahsa). Kay parduce ta muschkil orbats, id materland perwehght do Sud Africa sem sclavs ex Java, un insule tun sub nederlandso souverainitat. Melezghams ed dwighta conjugias gehnsient id mestiss communitat (9% os Sud Africas total population)

In 1806, id Uniet Roydem annexit quo eet tun id nederlands colonia ios Cap os Sell Speh, bet britisch emigration inkapsiet druve-ye bad pos id aunstehgen om gold ed diamant (ye id fin ios XIXt secule). Id blank population om nederlands ed britisch origin skeipt nundiens-ye circa 9% ios hol population ios land.

Fin-ye, id lando mathmount un population os hindi origin (takriban 2,5% ios population) gwohmen ab 1860 kay kules ia miulwa plantations.

Id sud-african population hat un urbanisationsratio (47%) mulayim-ye uper id mutawassit ios African continent. Rural exodus ed hassa id beweikensiyassa ye id zaman os apartheid hant dribht id wardhen om barrios (Soweto prokwem Johannesburg au Cape Flats in Kaapstad).

Id economic nagor ios land est Johannesburg (lyehgend in Province Gauteng), menxu Pretoria remant id politic nagor ed Kaapstad seddos ios Parlament. Samt takriban tri millions weikern, Johannesburg, kalt "iGoli" in Zulu bahsa, yani "gold", est Africas prest financialo place. Id province Gauteng remant id symbol ios industrial dynamisme ios land. Samt 9,6 millions weikern gwivend ep 1,4% os Sud Africas territorium, Gauteng se dwinght ka id economic kerd ios landios tribuendo takriban id tridel os ids BIP. Id revenue pro weiker est her pwoltrit kers superior ei national mutawassit.

Ia financial opsa (Bank, sicurance...) skeipe ia dwo tridels ios opnos product in id province quer sont pagen pleista seddsa iom entreprisen ios land. Ye id industrial nivell, id place os Gauteng est kathalika preponderanto chunke ter sont tact ia dwo tridels os Sud Africas mecanic ed siderurgic industrien.

Id Sud-African flag in gwis pon 1994 est lakaben id "deuspontflag".

Un economic rol

Pon 2000, Sud Africas brutto inlandsproduct (BIP) hat triplen (uperleitend sekwent IMF data ex 133 milliards US$ do 314 milliards in 2015). Sud Africa quod est besonters tienxia prest exporter om gold ed platin ed tienxia sixt exporter os ghiul, hat plen-ye brugen id akster Asiato demande po raumaterias. In 2004 ed 2013, ia exports do China buir multiplien dwodems ed ta do Hind penkwes. Pro platin, Sud Africa skeipt 10% iom hindi imports ed id dwidel tom Chinas. Bet ta resultats hant remant rhayr kafi pro resorbe misere, chunke meis quem id dwidel ios sud-african population gwivt ender id pauperstatsoyl. Id land biht ops oiscuss ab gvaltic social movments, idghi electorat skaut sien exasperation ant ia nedostrigen politic promissa.

Sud Africa est un druv "gigant" Africas, chunke ids BIP est equivalent ei tridel ios BIP os Subsahrawi Africa.

Sud-African entreprises sont presenta tienxia, kam id Anglo-American (quos oino iom filiales, De Beers, enmercat 60% om tienxia diamants) au Richemont (dwoto tienxia luxe grupp ed besonters-ye suter om brandmarks kam Cartier ed Lancel). In id electoral programme ios ANC, unte ia presta democratic votes in 1994, wohs id promiss os part-ye nationalise ia major entreprises xiht ab Europays. Tod menace hat isnahno mult madenn grupps ad offshore un deil iren opsen do kharij ob baysa uns eventual sacen, ed sammel ad conserve ir magn opos in Sud Africa. Ia entreprises Anglo-American au Old Mutual Investment Group (OMIGSA) sont ops-ye presentet ka britisch quayque id essential part irs turnover biht tyicen in Sud Africa.

Ia economic dendas qua hihr Sud Africa ab 1960 stabh im Sud-Africans investe do kharij. Id antplehcen iom entreprisen buit schowi frequent-ye ducen sub forme os extrocrosct, permittend id skeipen om vast conglomerats.

Id Economia ios land, instar tod Australias, maght ses kwiten ka renteneconomia. Id transformator economia remant meg slab, Sud Africa contentend-se med pehrne sien raumaterias. Ye id commercial nivell, Sud Africa, quod est id prest exportaugos ios African continent, hat ka magna clients ia Uniet Stats os America, China ed id Europay Union.

South African National Anthem with lyrics

Id arehgen ruyden ed wausken

Sud Africas enderghom est oin om tienxia richest. Sud Africas part in tienxia reserves lyehct ye 70% pro platin, 45% pro vanadium, 40% pro gold ed 17% pro titanium. Ta pleist ruyds sont lasim in aeronautic industries (kay makhe special leghars) ed Informatique. Id land xeiht kathalika important lyogsa om uranium ed ghiul. Sud Africa buit un Britisch dominion ex 1910 do 1961. Ia masseninvestions permiss meg aus id antslehnken uns industrie. Ies Britisch hieb hassilen un technic sagven in madenn reuyden in Canada ed Australia.

10-rand banknote samt id portrait os Nelson Mandela.

Pos passevs 28 yars in prison ob sien jidal contra apartheid, Nelson Mandela (gnahn in 1918 ka Rolihlahla Mandela, clansnamo Madiba) biht, quar yars pos sien leuren in 1990, Sud Africas prest aydokwo president. Member ios African National Congress, ios ANC, pon 1943, is organiset in 1952 id prest defiance campagne ed optet pro guerrilla weirfert pos id ban sienios movment in 1960. Arresten in 1960, biht lurn tik in 1990 ab President Frederik W. De Klerk ed orneuwt con iom id abolitionsprocess os apartheid. Ir commun vol om vergihes civil weir ed establie un democratia aun racial discrimination iens algveihnt id Pace Nobelpris in 1993. President ios ANC, Nelson Mandela sehlt Sud Africas prest multiracial elections in 1994. Is inkapt samt success un siyassa os national reconciliation. So charismatic lider linkwt sien AMC amt in 1997 ed id presidence ios landios dwo yars serter. Is mohr in 2013.

Id geographic vantage

Sud Africa est un aunalyo perigumt pro id commerce iom lands om austral ed central Africa, estghi pau alternative ei pert ios sud-African territorium (quod xeiht id tridel ios railvia netwehrg os Subsahrawi Africa). Ar id civil weir in Angola ed Mozambique hat diu neneudetihn ia trainlignes tom lands, qua daydey adduce do ports kam Maputo ed Beira in Mozambique au Beguela ed Lobito in Angola. Sam-ye, id railvia ligne namdehto Tazara (Tanzania-Zambia railway) yungend Dar-es-Salaam con Lusaka, Zambias nagor, struct ab iens Chinesens in 1975 naiwo buit correct-ye posdohrjen. Id complete udnoven ios over est necessar (tik dwo perbehnds sont swekwohrn ielg hevd inter Dar-es-Salaam ed Lusaka) bet costiet takriban oino millard om dollars. Plur Chinese entreprises hant enderghenden renstande railvia lignes in austral Africa, bet ta orbats sient dure unte dar plur yars. In Angola, id via inter Lobito ed Luau ye id grance con id Democratic Respublic ios Congo (DRC) hat esen renservicen in 2013, id eet nuden ye id colonial zaman kay perwehghe do Europe ia ruyds extragen in id sud os Congo ed in Rhodesia.

Id udnoven ios railvia netwehrg ios austral Africa permittiet yunges ia Angolan ports kam Lobito tibs Mozambiques per id DRC, poskwo Zambia ed Zimbabwe, kay vergihes id long detour unte id Kaapstad route. Id cuper extragen ex ia mines os Zambia ghehdiet kathalika transihes Mozambiques ports kam Beira (quod lyehct tik 1000 km dalg ud ia cuperlyogsa). Nundiens, un tris longer distance dehlct ses andhen kay nake id Copper Belt ed Richards Bay in Sud Africa. Id territorium os Mozambique est betyohcen ab tri railvia lignes, qua ne sont yuct inter se. Gwaur investions dehlcsient bihe tyicen kay behande un trainnetwehrgo comparable tei os Sud Africa.

Id qualitat iom infrastructures iom sud-african ports estschi aunegal in Africa. Id waren volume transeihnd per ia six mierst ports os Sud Africa (Richards Bay, Durban, Saldanha, Nqgura, Kaapstad ed Port Elizabeth) est egal ad 60% os portopos in Subsahrawi Africa ed ad 90% tos os austral Africa. Tod geographic vantage hat permitten ad Sud Africa meis resiste ia international dendas qua hieb ei esen infligen unte ia 1980tias (menxu unte comparable conditions os politic isolement, id regime os Ian Smith in Sud Rhodesia hieb dohlct jaldi cede). Nundiens, Sud Africa conservet sem fangh uper ia economias om siena niebers.

Cyril Ramaphosa (gnaht in 1952 in Soweto) est un Sud-African procureur, syndicaliste, activiste, politic ed verslyning, pon dien 15 Februar 2018 President os Sud Africa ed pon dien 18 December 2017 President ios ANC.

Un rhayr-yakin future

Lakin, plur challenges tehrbent bihe kardehn unte ia niebst yars :

- Ye id institutional nivell, rhayr-yakinia uperghehldt ar democratia remant fragil. Endemic criminalitat enderminet id land ed maghiet dissuade gospoti investors. Id numer dwinghyehbhen kam nergvonen (takriban 200 000 ielg yar) beuwnt Sud Africa oin om tienxia dangereusst lands.

- Racial tensions sont dalg ud ses suten. Ei blank elite biht ops dwight se exile, victim os violence ed ios siyassa os Black Economic Empowerment. Tod lexis kyeust meids os affirmative action bezielend favorise id prehpen uns aydokwios Burgesia (reservet employs in id public bungos, prioritat gastallen do privat grupps...).

- AIDS in Sud Africa est un druv plaga, in 2016, meis quem 6,4 millions em HIV-positives sont ardhen in id land yani meis quem in China au Hind. AIDS hat significant economic repercussions, chunke meis quem id tridel im salariats iom madennen entreprisen sont HIV-positive (alt absenteisme ratio, physic exhaustion...).

Id aunkauria ios gouvernement biht ops denuncen besonters dayir ia mult srovbrehgs qua heihnt id land. Id yungen ei electric netwehrg om mult woikias kam id augen os industrial opos hant dribht uno mussalsal crosct os srovconsumm (meis quem 25% pon 1998). Bet id production remant rhayr kafi pro satisface id demande. Un incident in id Koeberg srovgehn in Februar 2006 hat eti beghssroviht id Kaapstad region unte oika diens. Kay face tod situation, id gouvernement os Jacob Zuma hieb ruydskwt ia kiezghiangas reserves os Sud Africa qua sont kohnst promissor, chunke lyehgient ye id tienxia 5t rang (7,5% om tienxia reserves)

Yed, id land conservet mult vantages :

- id madenn sector remant economias weragmen (swekwehrt meis quem id dwidel iom exports) ed id land hat plen-ye bruct id etipreihsa iom ruydenprisen tiel 2014. Bet tod dependence dia raumaterias continuet ses id major sliebe ios land, chunke cada variation tom prisen hat fauric repercussions.

- ia sectors om communication ed reclame : id land behandt mult vantages : id absence os saatfark binisbat West Europe, id diversitat iom populations ed landspects (pensukplaja, Drakensberg ghyors, Kalahari desert...) unte uno mulayim distance ed hassa con un orbatsqualitat samlik ibs occidental naudhs.

- id touristic sector : speit plur obstacles (id dalgses ios land binisbat ia magna airlignes ed criminalitat), id taiper dar limiten tourisme trendt antslehnke. Med takriban 9,2 millions visitoren in 2015, Sud Africa est id dwot gwahtst land ab touristens in Africa pos Marok. Visitors maghent gwahe ia gverparks (kam id Kruger Park), au ia touristenresorts kam Sun City ed behande un petis sislew kaupmagh.

- id industrial sector : Sud Africa skeipt un apterbase os production kay exporte kye wiswa lands os austral Africa ed ios Hindi Ocean. Mult woghenstructors kam BMW au Nissan hant chust page do Sud Africa leitghi de id importantst consummsmercat ios iklime, ed quod porct id attractivest electricitatstariff ios continent. Sud Africa se hat specialiset do id montage om levstyr vehicules, ed do id makhen om catalytic converters qua naudhe ruyds kam rhodium au palladium.

- Sud Africas agriculture est khaliban bestohmt ad satisface inland demande. Lakin id land hat plur agriverslyn grupps os international mege kam Cape fruit. Dank sien situation in id suder hemisphere, id land hat sagven antplehce un witersaison fruitenproduction, bestohmen ad Europe ed ibs Uniet Stats (fruits, fruitjuces, agrumes). Sud Africa est id principal segetal dadwer Namibias kam Botswanas ed Lesothos ed ia sud-african agriverslyn grupps sont present in hol austral Africa kam Pioneer Foods con ids filiales kam Bokomo. Fin-ye, sud-african viticulture hat hassilet international recognition quod solliet se kardwne unte ia gwehmend yars. Sud Africa est volume-ye tienxia dect exporter om vins, khaliban ois franceois ambels. Id success iom sud-african vins ed, daydeyer, tom kwit ka "Nov Mund vins" (Australia, Chile) est due ir standardisation (besonters hassilen med chaptalisation quod permitte auge id alcoholsratio ios vinber). Rassuret el consumer, convictem de retrehve in cada botel comparable zawk ed texture.

Sud Africas evolution ne hat confirmet ia pessimiste presaygens bet ia arus ios gvolic prev sont dalg ud bihe yact. Nelson Mandela elegen hol naturelika rays in Mai 1994 hieb likwt sien amt penk yars serter sieni vice-president, Thabo Mbeki, in un consensus climat. Bet in Februar 2018 hat President Jacob Zuma dohlgen istife ib azwle pos buit revelen od public denars hiebeer est payght pro eys privat residence.

Meis quem dwogim yars pos Nelson Mandelas leuren remant id lando deub dividen. Id ANC quod hieb duct id anti-apartheid combat conservet un large parlamentar majoritat, bet id movment est nundiens enderminen ab personal cheids ed ideologic dissensions. Id degradation ios economic situation, endemic criminalitat, id frustration ios aydokw electorat kam id ressentiment ios blankios minoritat, fragileihnt id national reconciliation. Tod deception neti keungent de confette qui buir i heralds ios anti-apartheid combat.

Id blank population kehnst id reconciliation buit ducen ye idso detriment. Id enplacen ios ambitieus ed necessar siyassa os Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) nact sien limites. Tod quod bezielt favorise id gastallen aydokwen cadren do entreprises ed id progressive transfer os capital inter ia ghesors em maur investors hat permiss id emergence uns aydokwios burgesia. Bet id BEE favoriset id aydokwo communitat, ed dreibht mult frustrations eni id blank population quo bringht id yando ad chuses exile-se. Pon id instauration os democratia in 1994, takriban oino million Sud-Africanen os europay origin habient likwn id land. Id euphoria iom prest leudhertsyars kwehct meg piern.